Goryeo高麗

Goryeo came out of a separate branch of Buyeo. Its capital is at Pyeongyangseong, which is the old land of the Han commandery of Nangnang, five thousand one hundred li east of the capital. Eastward it crosses the sea and reaches Silla; northwest it crosses the Liao River and reaches Yingzhou; southward it crosses the sea and reaches Baekje; northward it reaches the Malgal. It is three thousand one hundred li from east to west and two thousand li from north to south.

The chief of their offices is called daedaero (大對盧), ranking with the first grade. He takes charge of the affairs of the state and is changed once in three years, though a man fit for the post is not bound by the count of years. On the day of the change, if they will not yield to one another, they all lead out troops and attack each other, and the winner takes it. The king only shuts the palace gates and guards himself, and cannot stop them. Next comes the taedaehyeong, ranking with the upper second grade. From the daero down, the offices are twelve grades in all. Outside they set up more than sixty walled towns in provinces and districts. In a great town they place one yoksal, who ranks with a governor-general, and in the other towns a dosa, who ranks with a prefect; and under each of these are assistants who divide the business between them.

In dress and ornament only the king wears the five colors. He makes his cap of white silk gauze and wears a narrow belt of white leather, and both cap and belt are adorned with gold. Officers of high rank make their caps of blue silk gauze and the next of crimson, and they set in two bird feathers and adorn them with gold and silver. Their coats have straight tube sleeves and their trousers are wide in the leg, with a white leather belt and yellow leather shoes. The people of the country wear coarse cloth and a pointed cap, and the women put a cloth headdress on their heads. They love the games of go and pitch-pot, and the people are good at kickball. At their meals they use the ritual vessels, bian and dou, fu and gui, zun and zu, lei and xi, so that much remains in them of the teaching left by Gija.

Their dwellings must lean on the hills and valleys, and all are roofed with thatch; only the Buddhist temples, the shrines of the spirits, the royal palace and the government offices use tiles. In their custom the poor are many, and in the winter months they all make a long flue and burn a fire beneath it to take warmth. Their tilling and their keeping of silkworms are much the same as in China.

By their law, one who plots rebellion or revolt is dealt with thus: the crowd is gathered, and they hold torches and vie in scorching him, and when his whole body is charred and rotted his head is struck off and his household is all confiscated. One who holds a fortress and surrenders to the enemy, one who faces the line and is beaten and runs, one who kills a man or robs by force, is beheaded. One who steals a thing pays back twelve times its worth. One who kills an ox or a horse is himself taken as a slave. On the whole their use of the law is stern and severe and few break it, so that it has come even to this, that what falls on the road is not picked up.

In their custom there are many wanton rites (淫祀), and they serve the spirit Yeongseong, the spirit of the sun, the spirit of the Khan, and the spirit of Gija. East of the wall of the capital there is a great cave named Sinsu (神隧), and in the tenth month the king sacrifices there himself.

In their custom they love books, and down to the humblest houses of gatekeepers and grooms, each builds a great house on the street and calls it the Gyeongdang (扃堂). There the young men read books and practice archery day and night until they are married. Their books are the Five Classics, the Shi ji, the Han shu, the Hou Han shu of Fan Ye, the Sanguo zhi, the Jin chunqiu of Sun Sheng, the Yu pian, the Zi tong and the Zi lin; and they have the Wen xuan besides, which they love and prize above the rest.

Their king Go Geonmu was the half brother, by another mother, of the former king Go Won. In the second year of Wude he sent an envoy to court, and in the fourth year he sent an envoy again with tribute. Gaozu grieved that many of the soldiers who had fought in the last years of Sui had been left behind in that land, and in the fifth year he sent down a letter to Geonmu.

"I have reverently received the precious mandate and reign over all the land, following the three powers with care and soothing the ten thousand states. Under the whole of heaven my cherishing is even, and wherever the sun and moon shine I would have all at peace. You, King, hold command over the land east of the Liao and have dwelt for generations as a vassal state; you have thought to receive our calendar and have followed the duty of tribute from afar. So you sent your envoy, who crossed hills and rivers and set forth your sincerity, and I count it much to your credit. Now the six directions are quiet and the four seas are clear and calm, jade and silk pass between us, and the roads are not blocked. To spread concord, to make the friendship of embassies lasting and firm, and each to keep his own borders, is this not a great and fine thing?

Only, in the last years of the house of Sui, arms were joined and trouble was woven, and in the places of the fighting each side lost its people. So flesh and blood were parted and households were broken apart, and many years have passed while their longing has had no outlet. Now the two countries are in friendship, and in right there is nothing to hinder us. The Goryeo people who are here I have already had sought out and gathered, and I shall send them home at once; and the people of this country who are there, you, King, may send back. Let us do all we can in the way of cherishing and rearing, and together widen the way of kindness and forbearance."

At this Geonmu sought out and gathered all the Chinese (華人) in his land and sent them back with due ceremony, and those who arrived, first and last, were counted by the ten thousand, and Gaozu was greatly pleased.

In the seventh year he sent Shen Shu'an, the former Minister of Justice, to invest Geonmu as Supreme Pillar of State, Prince of the Commandery of Liaodong and King of Goryeo, and sent with him an image of the Celestial Worthy and Daoist masters to expound the Laozi there; and the king, with clergy and laymen who came to see and hear, numbered some thousands. Gaozu once said to his attendants, "Between name and reality, by right the two must answer to each other. Goryeo called itself a subject of Sui and yet in the end withstood Emperor Yang. What subject is that! I hold all things in respect and do not wish to be proud and lofty. If a man holds land, let him only strive to keep his people at peace; why must I make him call himself subject, and so make myself great? Draw up an edict setting out this mind of mine." Pei Ju the chancellor and Wen Yanbo the Vice Director of the Secretariat said, "The land of Liaodong was the country of Gija under Zhou, and no more than the Han commandery of Hyeondo! Before Wei and Jin it lay close within our borders, and it cannot be allowed not to be a subject. Moreover China stands to the Yi and the Di as the sun stands to the ranked stars; there is no reason to lower its honor and stoop to the level of a vassal state." Gaozu then let the matter drop.

In the ninth year Silla and Baekje sent envoys to lay a complaint against Geonmu, saying that he blocked their roads so that they could not come to court, and that there was ill feeling besides and he raided them again and again. By edict Zhu Zishe, supernumerary cavalier attendant, was sent to make peace between them; and Geonmu presented a memorial begging pardon, and asked to meet the envoy of Silla face to face and swear a covenant.

In the second year of Zhenguan, when Jieli Qaghan of the Tujue was broken, Geonmu sent an envoy to offer congratulations and presented besides a map of his borders (封域圖). In the fifth year, by edict, Zhangsun Shi, adjutant of the governor-general's office of Guangzhou, was sent to gather and bury the bones of those who had died fighting in the time of Sui, and to pull down the victory mound (京觀) that Goryeo had raised. Geonmu feared that his country would be attacked, and so he built a long wall, running from Buyeoseong in the northeast to the sea in the southwest, more than a thousand li. In the fourteenth year he sent his heir Hwangwon to court with tribute of the things of his land, and Taizong comforted him with the greatest kindness.

In the sixteenth year Gaesomun, the great man of the western division, had committed an offense in the discharge of his office, and the great ministers took counsel with Geonmu and wished to put him to death. The matter leaked out, and Gaesomun then called up all the troops of his division, saying that he would hold a review, and set out wine and food in plenty south of the walls, and the great ministers all came to look on. Gaesomun led out his troops and killed them all, and the dead were more than a hundred. He burned the storehouses, and from there galloped into the royal palace and killed Geonmu, and set up Jang (King Bojang), the son of Geonmu's younger brother Daeyang, as king. He made himself mangniji, which is like holding the offices of Minister of War and Director of the Secretariat together in China, and from this time he held the government of the country alone.

Gaesomun's surname was Cheon (泉). His beard and his face were full of dignity, his body large and commanding, and he wore five knives at his belt, so that those about him did not dare look up at him. He always had his subordinate officers lie face down on the ground and stepped on them to mount his horse, and did the same when he came down. When he went out he first set his ranks and guard in order, and the man who led the way cried out long to clear the road, so that the people feared and fled and all threw themselves into pits and valleys.

Taizong heard of Geonmu's death and made mourning for him, and sent a commissioner with the tally to condole and to sacrifice. In the seventeenth year he invested Jang, the king who came after him, as Prince of the Commandery of Liaodong and King of Goryeo. He also sent Xiangli Xuanjiang, assistant of the court of agriculture, bearing a sealed letter, to admonish Goryeo and make it stop attacking Silla. Gaesomun said to Xuanjiang, "The grudge between Goryeo and Silla is long. In the past, when the house of Sui invaded, Silla took the opening and seized five hundred li of Goryeo land, and it holds all those towns. Unless the land is given back and the towns returned, I fear this war cannot be stopped." Xuanjiang said, "How can what is past be called to account now?" But Gaesomun would not follow him in the end. Taizong looked round at his attendants and said, "The mangniji has murdered his lord and killed all the great ministers, and he uses punishment as if it were a pit and a snare. The people are struck down for so much as a movement, and their bitterness is locked in their hearts, so that on the road they speak only with their eyes. To send out an army to condole and to punish, there must be a cause; and taking his murder of his lord and his cruelty to those below him as the cause, it will be very easy to break him."

In the nineteenth year he ordered Zhang Liang, the Minister of Justice, to be grand commander of the marching army of the Pyeongyang road, to lead General Chang He and others with forty thousand strong soldiers of Jiang, Huai, Ling and Xia and five hundred warships, and to put out to sea from Laizhou and make for Pyeongyang. He also made Li Ji, Duke of Ying with the special advancement, grand commander of the marching army of the Liaodong road, with Daozong, Prince of Jiangxia and Minister of Rites, as his second, to lead General Zhang Shigui and others with sixty thousand foot and horse and make for Liaodong. The two armies joined their strength, and Taizong himself led the six armies to meet them.

In summer, the fourth month, Li Ji's army crossed the Liao, went forward and attacked Gaemoseong and took it, and got twenty thousand captives, and made that fortress into Gaeju. In the fifth month Cheng Mingzhen, Zhang Liang's second in command, attacked Sabiseong and took it, and carried off eight thousand men and women. On that day Li Ji moved his army against the fortress of Liaodong. The emperor halted at the Liao marsh and sent down an edict: "Not long ago the army of Sui crossed the Liao, and the time was without Heaven's help; the bones of the soldiers who followed the army lie within sight of one another all over the plain, and it is truly to be grieved over. The duty of covering bones is indeed an old rule; let them all be gathered and buried." Forty thousand foot and horse from Gungnaeseong and Sinseong came to relieve Liaodong, and Daozong the Prince of Jiangxia led four thousand horse to meet them and struck them, and broke them badly and took more than a thousand heads. When the emperor had crossed the Liao River he sent down an edict to take away the bridge, to harden the will of his soldiers.

The emperor came below the fortress of Liaodong, and seeing the soldiers carrying loads to fill the moat, he took a share of the heaviest of them and held it himself on horseback. His attending officers were startled into action and vied with one another in carrying loads down to the wall. By then Li Ji had already led his troops against the fortress of Liaodong. Goryeo had heard that the Tang had catapults that flung a stone of three hundred catties a li away, and feared them greatly, and so they piled up timber on the wall to make fighting towers and keep off the flying stones. Li Ji set out his engines in a line and shot stones to strike the wall, and everything they met was smashed; and he pushed the ramming carts against the towers, and there was none that did not topple over. The emperor himself led more than ten thousand armored horse and joined Li Ji, and they surrounded the fortress. Before long a south wind blew very hard, and he ordered fire to be loosed on the southwest tower; it spread and burned into the fortress, and the houses were all consumed. The soldiers climbed the wall, and the enemy then broke in great rout; more than ten thousand were burned to death, and more than ten thousand fighting men were taken prisoner, and that fortress was made into Yoju. At the first, from Dingzhou onward, the emperor had ordered a beacon set every few tens of li, joined on as far as the fortress of Liaodong, and had made a promise with the crown prince that when Liaodong was taken a beacon should be raised. On this day the emperor ordered the beacon raised, and it was passed on within the passes.

The army came next to Baegamseong, and he ordered it attacked. Li Sima, Grand General of the Right Guard, was struck by a crossbow bolt, and the emperor sucked the blood himself; the officers and men heard of it, and there was none who was not moved to effort. That fortress leans on the hill and looks down on the water, and on all four sides it is steep and cut off. Li Ji struck it with the ramming carts, and flying stones and darting arrows gathered like rain inside the walls. In the sixth month the emperor came to the northwest of it, and Son Beoreum, the lord of the fortress, secretly sent a man to ask to surrender, saying, "Your servant already wishes to surrender, but there are some within who are of two minds." By edict a banner was given him, with the word, "If you will surrender, set it up on the wall." Beoreum raised the banner on the wall, and the men of Goryeo took it that the Tang soldiers had climbed up, and so they all surrendered.

Before this, when Liaodong fell, Beoreum had begged to surrender and then repented of it midway, and the emperor, angry at his turning about, had promised that the people and goods within the walls should be divided among the soldiers. Now Li Ji said to the emperor, "The reason the soldiers strive to be first and do not care for arrow or stone is that they are greedy for the spoil. Now that the fortress is on the point of falling, how can you again accept its surrender and cheat the hearts of the officers and men?" The emperor said, "The general's words are right. But to loose the troops to kill, and to take their wives and children captive, is what I cannot bear. Those under the general who have done service I shall reward out of the storehouses; I would buy this one fortress back from the general." So he received the surrender. He took ten thousand men and women and two thousand four hundred fighting men, and made that fortress into Amju, and gave Son Beoreum the post of prefect of Amju.

When the Tang army crossed the Liao, the mangniji had sent seven hundred men of Gasiseong to garrison Gaemoseong, and Li Ji took them all captive; and those men asked together to follow the army and give their service. Taizong said to them, "Who would not want your strength? But your households are all in Gasi, and if you fight for me they will be put to the sword! To break the wives and children of a whole household for the use of one man's strength is what I cannot bear!" And he had them all set free and sent home.

The imperial carriage went forward and halted north of Ansiseong, and he drew up his camps and sent forward his troops to attack it. Go Yeonsu, yoksal of the northern division of Goryeo, and Go Hyejin, yoksal of the southern division, came to relieve Ansiseong with a host of a hundred and fifty thousand men of Goryeo and Malgal. Among the enemy there was a daero (對盧), old in years and practiced in affairs, who said to Yeonsu, "I have heard that China fell into great disorder and heroes rose together; that the Prince of Qin, was godlike in war and had no match wherever he turned, and so he settled the empire and faced south and became emperor, and the Yi of the north asked to submit and the Rong of the west offered their loyalty. Now he has emptied his country and come, and his fierce generals and picked troops are all gathered here; the edge of his spear cannot be met. For a plan now there is nothing better than to hold the troops still and not fight, to drag out the days and hold on long, while bold men are sent out by detachments to cut his line of supply. In less than ten days his army's grain must be spent; he will seek battle and not get it, and will wish to go home and have no road. This is to win without fighting." Yeonsu would not follow him, and led his army straight forward.

By night Taizong called his generals and directed them himself. He sent Li Ji with fifteen thousand foot and horse to form ranks on the ridge west of the fortress; Zhangsun Wuji with eleven thousand picked troops under Niu Jinda and others as a surprise force, to come out of a narrow valley north of the hill and strike their rear; and Taizong himself led four thousand foot and horse, hiding the drums and horns and laying down the banners, and made for the high peak north of the enemy camp, and ordered all the armies to rush out together when they heard the sound of the drums and horns. Then he ordered the office concerned to spread a tent for receiving the surrender beside the court hall, and said, "Tomorrow at noon I shall receive the surrendered enemy here!" And so he led his army forward.

The next day Yeonsu saw only Li Ji's troops and wished to fight him. Taizong looked far off and saw the dust of Wuji's army rising, and had the drums and horns sound together and the banners raised all at once. The enemy host was greatly afraid and was about to divide its troops to meet them, but its ranks were already in confusion. Li Ji struck them with ten thousand foot soldiers carrying long spears, and Yeonsu's host was beaten; Wuji loosed his troops and came on their rear, and Taizong also came down from the hill and led his army against them, and the enemy broke in great rout, and more than ten thousand heads were taken. Yeonsu and the rest led what was left of them and leaned on the hill to hold out, and so he ordered Wuji and Li Ji and the others to lead their troops and surround them, and took away the bridge over the Dongcheon to cut off their road home.

Taizong drew his rein and went slowly, looking at the enemy's camps and ramparts, and said to his attendants, "Goryeo emptied its country and came, and its life or death hung upon it; one wave of the flag and they are beaten. Heaven helps me!" And he got down from his horse and bowed twice to give thanks to Heaven. Yeonsu and the rest came forward on their knees, and bowed with their hands and asked for their lives. Taizong picked out three thousand five hundred chieftains, yoksal and below, gave them military rank and moved them to the interior; he gathered three thousand three hundred Malgal and buried them all in pits; and the rest of the host he let go back to Pyeongyang. He took thirty thousand horses, fifty thousand head of cattle and five thousand suits of bright-light armor, and other gear to match. The whole country of Goryeo was shaken with fear, and afterward Hwangseong and Eunseong both emptied themselves, and for several hundred li there was no smoke of men again. So he named the hill where he had stayed Jupilsan, and had the master of works make the Picture of the Broken Ranks (破陣圖), and ordered Xu Jingzong, Vice Director of the Secretariat, to write a text and cut it in stone to record the deed. He gave Go Yeonsu the post of Chamberlain for Dependencies, and Go Hyejin that of Chamberlain for the National Granaries. Zhang Liang also fought Goryeo twice below Geonanseong and broke them both times, and then drew a long line of siege about it and attacked.

In the eighth month he moved his camp east of Ansiseong, and Li Ji then attacked Ansi, bringing up Yeonsu and the other surrendered men to camp below the walls and call on them to yield. The men within held fast and did not move, and whenever they saw Taizong's standard they would climb the wall and beat drums and shout in defiance, so that the emperor was very angry. Li Ji said, "I ask that on the day it is broken every man be put to death." Those within heard of it, and every man fought to the death. So he ordered Daozong the Prince of Jiangxia to raise an earthen hill and attack the southeast corner of the wall, and Goryeo too built up the wall and added battlements to stand against him. Li Ji attacked the west face, and had the stone throwers and the ramming carts break down its towers and battlements; and the men within, as fast as it crumbled, set up timber for a palisade. Daozong wrapped earth in tree branches and heaped it up to make a hill, and in the middle of it he laid timber along five ways and covered it with earth on top, and without rest by day or night he drew slowly nearer the wall. Daozong sent Fu Fu'ai, Commandant of the Resolute, to lead a company on the top of the hill and keep off the enemy; and the earthen hill rose of itself and pressed against the wall, and the wall gave way. It happened that Fu'ai had left his post on business of his own, and a hundred men of Goryeo came out through the fallen wall and fought, and so took the earthen hill and cut a trench across it, and heaped up fire and ringed it with shields to hold it fast. Taizong was greatly angry, and beheaded Fu'ai and had his head carried about the camp. He ordered his generals to attack it, but for three days they could not take it.

Taizong saw that the grain stored in Liaodong was little and that his soldiers were frozen with cold, and so by edict he turned the army back. As he passed that fortress, all within held their voices and laid down their banners, and the lord of the fortress climbed the wall and bowed with his hands and made his farewell. Taizong thought well of his firm defense and gave him a hundred bolts of silk, to encourage the duty of serving one's lord.

At the first, when the fortress of Liaodong was taken, those within it who had withstood the royal army (王師) and were to be confiscated as slaves numbered fourteen thousand, and they were sent ahead to be gathered at Youzhou, to be divided as rewards among the officers and men. Taizong pitied them that parents, wives and children should be scattered in a single morning, and had the office concerned reckon their price and redeem them with cloth and silk, and pardoned them and made them commoners. The sound of that host cheering did not stop for three days. Go Yeonsu, from the time he surrendered, was always heaping up his sighs, and before long died of his grief. Hyejin came in the end to Chang'an.

In the twentieth year Goryeo sent an envoy to beg pardon, and presented two beautiful women besides. Taizong said to the envoy, "Go back and tell your lord this. A fair face is a thing men hold dear, and those you have presented are truly fair. But I pity them for being parted from their parents and brothers in their own country; to keep their bodies here and make them forget their kin, to love their faces and wound their hearts, is what I will not take." And he sent them both back.

In the twenty-second year he sent Xue Wanche, General of the Right Militant Guard, and others to go by the Cheonggu road and attack them, and Wanche crossed the sea and entered the Amnok, went forward and broke Bakjakseong, and took very many captives. Taizong also ordered great ships to be built in Jiangnan, and sent Sun Fujia, prefect of Shanzhou, to call up bold men, and Li Daoyu, prefect of Laizhou, to carry grain and gear and store it on the island of Ohodo, meaning to raise a great force and strike Goryeo. Before it set out the emperor died. Gaozong came to the throne and ordered Ren Yaxiang, Minister of War, Su Dingfang, Grand General of the Left Militant Guard, and Qibi Heli, Grand General of the Left Valiant Guard, and others to attack them one after another; but all came back without great success.

In the first year of Qianfeng Go Jang sent his son to court, and he took his attendant place at the foot of Mount Tai. In that year Gaesomun died, and his son Namsaeng took his place as mangniji. He was not at peace with his younger brothers Namgeon and Namsan, and each set up his own faction and they attacked one another. Namsaeng was driven out by his two brothers and fled to hold Gungnaeseong and defend it to the death, and he sent his son Heonseong to the palace gate to beg for help. By edict Qibi Heli, Grand General of the Left Valiant Guard, was ordered to lead troops to meet and support him, and Namsaeng slipped away and came over. By edict he was given the special advancement and made grand governor-general of Liaodong and grand commissioner for the pacification of the Pyeongyang road, and was invested as Duke of the Commandery of Hyeondo. In the eleventh month Li Ji, Minister of Works and Duke of Ying, was ordered to be grand commander of the marching army of the Liaodong road, and to lead Guo Daifeng and other subordinate generals in the campaign against Goryeo.

In the second month of the second year Li Ji crossed the Liao and came to Sinseong, and said to his generals, "Sinseong is the garrison fortress of Goryeo's western border, and the most vital point of all. If we do not deal with it first, the other fortresses will not easily be brought down." So he led his troops to the southwest of Sinseong, leaned on the hill and built a palisade, and attacked and held by turns; and those within were hard pressed, and many surrendered, and from this time he won wherever he turned. Go Jang and Namgeon sent the taedaehyeong Namsan with ninety-eight chiefs, bearing a white silk banner, to come out and surrender and to ask leave to come to court, and Li Ji received them with ceremony. But Namgeon still shut his gates and held fast.

In the ninth month of the first year of Zongzhang Li Ji moved his camp again to the south of Pyeongyangseong, and Namgeon sent out troops again and again to fight, and all were heavily beaten. Sinseong, a monk who was chief commander of the troops under Namgeon, secretly sent a man into the army to promise that he would open the gate of the fortress and answer them from within. After five days Sinseong did indeed open the gate, and Li Ji's troops followed in and climbed the wall and beat drums and shouted, and burned the tower over the gate, and fire rose on all four sides. Namgeon in his straits stabbed himself, but did not die. In the eleventh month Pyeongyangseong was taken, and Go Jang and Namgeon and the rest were made prisoner. In the twelfth month they came to the capital, and the captives were presented at the Hanyuan Palace. By edict Go Jang, since the government had not come from himself, was given the post of President of the Board of Works; Namsan, who had surrendered first, was given that of Vice Minister of the Court of the Imperial Table; Namgeon was banished to Qianzhou; and Namsaeng, for his service as a guide, was given the post of Grand General of the Right Guard and invested as Duke of the State of Bian, keeping the special advancement as before.

The country of Goryeo had been divided of old into five divisions, with a hundred and seventy-six walled towns and six hundred and ninety-seven thousand households. So its land was divided into nine governor-generalships, forty-one prefectures and a hundred districts, and the protectorate general of Andong was set up besides to govern them all. Those of its chieftains who had rendered service were chosen and given the posts of governor-general, prefect and district magistrate, to govern the people together with the Chinese (華人). Then Xue Rengui, General of the Left Militant Guard, was sent to command the troops and hold the land; but afterward a good many ran away and scattered.

In the Yifeng years Gaozong gave Go Jang the posts of opener of office with ceremonial equal to the three eminences and governor-general of Liaodong, and invested him as King of Joseon, so that he should dwell at Andong and be lord over his own land as its warden. Go Jang came to Andong, and secretly made common cause with the Malgal and plotted revolt. The matter came to light, and he was called back and banished to Qiongzhou; and his people besides were divided and moved away, scattered to the prefectures of Henan and Longyou, and only the poor and weak among them were left beside the wall of Andong.

Go Jang died at the beginning of Yongchun, and was granted after death the office of Chamberlain for the Palace Garrison; by edict he was escorted to the capital, and a burial place was given him to the left of Jieli's tomb, and a stele was raised for him besides. In the second year of Chuigong Go Jang's grandson Bowon was invested as Prince of the Commandery of Joseon; and in the first year of Shengli he was raised to be Grand General of the Left Soaring Hawk Guard and invested as King of the State of Chungseong, and was charged with governing the old households of Andong, but the matter was never carried out in the end. In the second year Go Jang's son Deokmu was given the post of governor-general of Andong, to govern his own land. From this time the old households of Goryeo that were in Andong grew fewer and fewer, and they scattered away to the Tujue and the Malgal, and so the line of the Go lords was cut off!

Namsaeng died at Chang'an at the beginning of Yifeng, and was granted after death the office of grand governor-general of Bingzhou. His son Heonseong was given the post of Grand General of the Right Guard, and commanded the Feathered Forest Guard besides. In the Tianshou years Zetian once brought out gold and silver and treasures from within the palace, and had five men who shot well chosen from among the chief ministers and the civil and military officers of the northern and southern courts, to shoot for them together. Zhang Guangfu, the Director of the Secretariat, first gave up the first place to Heonseong; Heonseong gave it up again to Xue Tumozhi, Grand General of the Right Jade Bridle Guard, and Tumozhi gave it up once more to Heonseong. Then Heonseong made his report, saying, "Your Majesty had five men chosen who shoot well, and most of those chosen are not Han officers (漢官). I fear that from this time on there will be no name for skill in archery among the Han officers; I beg you humbly to let this shooting be stopped." Zetian thought well of it and followed him.

At that time the cruel official Lai Junchen once asked Heonseong for goods, and Heonseong refused him and made no answer; so he was at last entangled by Junchen, falsely charged with plotting rebellion, and strangled to death. The Empress Zetian came to know that he had been wronged, and granted him after death the office of Grand General of the Right Feathered Forest Guard, and had him buried again with ceremony.