Goguryeo高句麗
1Goguryeo — the five clans, and Dongmaeng in the tenth month
高句驪，在遼東之東千里，南與朝鮮、濊貊，東與沃沮，北與夫餘接。地方二千里，多大山深谷，人隨而為居。少田業，力作不足以自資，故其俗節於飲食，而好修宮室。東夷相傳以為夫餘別種，故言語法則多同，而跪拜曳一腳，行步皆走。凡有五族，有消奴部、絕奴部、順奴部、灌奴部、桂婁部。本消奴部為王，稍微弱，後桂婁部代之。其置官，有相加、對盧、沛者、古鄒大加、主簿、優台、使者、帛衣先人。武帝滅朝鮮，以高句驪為縣，使屬玄菟，賜鼓吹伎人。其俗淫，皆潔淨自熹，暮夜輒男女群聚為倡樂。好祠鬼神、社稷、零星，以十月祭天大會，名曰“東盟”。其國東有大穴，號禭神，亦以十月迎而祭之。其公會衣服皆錦繡，金銀以自飾。大加、主簿皆著幘，如冠幘而無後；其小加著折風，形如弁。無牢獄，有罪，諸加評議便殺之，沒入妻子為奴婢。其昏姻皆就婦家，生子長大，然後將還，便稍營送終之具。金銀財幣盡於厚葬，積石為封，亦種松柏。其人性凶急，有氣力，習戰斗，好寇鈔，沃沮、東濊皆屬焉。
Goguryeo lies a thousand li east of Liaodong. It borders Joseon and the Yemaek on the south, Okjeo on the east, and Buyeo on the north. Its land is two thousand li square, and there are many great mountains and deep valleys, and the people live along them. They have little field land, and though they work hard they cannot raise enough to keep themselves, and so by their custom they are sparing in food and drink while they love to build fine houses. The Eastern Yi hand it down among themselves that they are another branch of Buyeo, and their speech and their rules are much the same; but when they kneel and bow they drag one leg, and they all go at a run when they walk.
There are five clans in all, and they are the Sonobu (消奴部), the Jeollobu (絕奴部), the Sunnobu (順奴部), the Gwannobu (灌奴部), and the Gyerubu (桂婁部). In origin the Sonobu were kings, but they grew weak little by little, and afterward the Gyerubu took their place. In setting their offices they have sangga (相加), daero (對盧), paeja (沛者), gochudaega (古鄒大加), jubu (主簿), uta (優台), saja (使者), and baegui seonin (帛衣先人). When Emperor Wu destroyed Joseon he made Goguryeo a county and had it belong to Hyeondo, and he gave them drums and pipes and entertainers.
Their custom is licentious. They all delight in keeping themselves clean, and when evening comes and it is night, men and women gather in crowds and make songs and merriment. They love to sacrifice to the spirits, to the gods of land and grain, and to Yeongseong (零星), and in the tenth month they sacrifice to Heaven and gather in a great assembly, and this is called Dongmaeng (東盟). East of their country there is a great cave, which is called Susin (禭神), and in the tenth month too they welcome it and sacrifice to it.
At their public assemblies their clothing is all of silk and embroidery, and they adorn themselves with gold and silver. The daega and the jubu all wear a chaek (幘), which is like the headcloth of a cap but has nothing behind it, and the soga wear a jeolpung (折風), which is shaped like a peaked cap.
There are no prisons. When a man is guilty the several ga discuss it and put him to death at once, and his wife and children are taken and made slaves. Their marriages are all made by going to the wife's house, and only when a son is born and grown do they bring her home, and after that they prepare the things for the funeral little by little. They spend all their gold and silver and goods on a rich burial, and they pile up stones for the mound and plant pines and cypresses as well. The people are fierce and hasty by nature, and strong, and practiced in war, and they love to rob and plunder, and Okjeo and Eastern Ye both belonged to them.
2Sosumaek and the Maek bow
句驪一名貊，有別種，依小水為居，因名曰小水貊。出好弓，所謂“貊弓”是也。
Guryeo is also called Maek (貊). There is another branch of them that lives along a small water (小水), and for this they are called Sosumaek (小水貊). Good bows come from there, and this is what is called the Maek bow (貊弓).
3Wang Mang lowers the king of Goguryeo to marquis of Haguryeo
王莽初，發句驪兵以伐匈奴，其人不欲行，强迫遣之，皆亡出塞為寇盜。遼西大尹田譚追擊，戰死。莽令其將嚴尤擊之，誘句驪侯騶入塞，斬之，傳首長安。莽大說，更名高句驪王為下句驪侯，於是貊人寇邊愈甚。建武八年，高句驪遣使朝貢，光武復其王號。二十三年冬，句驪蠶支落大加戴升等萬餘口詣樂浪内屬。二十五年春，句驪寇右北平、漁陽、上谷、太原，而遼東太守祭肜以恩信招之，皆復款塞。
At the beginning of Wang Mang's time he called out troops of Guryeo to strike the Xiongnu, and the people did not wish to go; and when they were driven and sent by force, they all fled out beyond the barrier and turned robbers. Tian Tan (田譚), the Grand Governor of Liaoxi, pursued and struck them, and was killed in the fighting. Wang Mang ordered his general Yan You (嚴尤) to strike them, and he lured Chu (騶), the marquis of Guryeo, inside the barrier and beheaded him, and sent his head to Chang'an. Wang Mang was greatly pleased, and he changed the title of the king of Goguryeo to marquis of Haguryeo (下句驪侯), and thereupon the Maek raided the border more fiercely than ever.
In the eighth year of Jianwu Goguryeo sent an envoy with tribute, and Emperor Guangwu gave back its title of king. In the winter of the twenty-third year Daeseung (戴升), a daega of the Jamjirak (蠶支落) of Guryeo, and others, more than ten thousand people, went to Nangnang and came in under the empire. In the spring of the twenty-fifth year Guryeo plundered Youbeiping, Yuyang, Shanggu, and Taiyuan, and Zhai Rong, Grand Administrator of Liaodong, called them in with kindness and good faith, and they all showed their loyalty at the barrier again.
4King Gung, who opened his eyes at birth, and twenty years of fighting
後句驪王宮生而開目能視，國人懷之，及長勇壯，數犯邊境。和帝元興元年春，復入遼東，寇略六縣，太守耿夔擊破之，斬其渠帥。安帝永初五年，宮遣使貢獻，求屬玄菟。元初五年，復與濊貊寇玄菟，攻華麗城。建光元年春，幽州刺史馮煥、玄菟太守姚光、遼東太守蔡諷等，將兵出塞擊之，捕斬濊貊渠帥，獲兵馬財物。宮乃遣嗣子遂成將二千餘人逆光等，遣使詐降；光等信之，遂成因據險厄以遮大軍，而潜遣三千人攻玄菟、遼東，焚城郭，殺傷二千餘人。於是發廣陽、漁陽、右北平、涿郡屬國三千餘騎同救之，而貊人已去。夏，復與遼東鮮卑八千餘人攻遼隊，殺略吏人。蔡諷等追擊於新昌，戰歿，功曹耿耗、兵曹掾龍端、兵馬掾公孫酺以身扞諷，俱歿於陣，死者百餘人。秋，宮遂率馬韓、濊貊數千騎圍玄菟。夫餘王遣子尉仇台將二萬餘人，與州郡并力討破之。斬首五百餘級。
Afterward Gung (宮), king of Guryeo, opened his eyes and could see as soon as he was born, and the people of the country shrank from him. When he grew up he was brave and stout, and he broke into the border again and again. In the spring of the first year of Yuanxing under Emperor He he came into Liaodong once more and plundered six counties, and the Grand Administrator Geng Kui (耿夔) struck and broke him and beheaded his chief.
In the fifth year of Yongchu under Emperor An, Gung sent an envoy with tribute and asked to belong to Hyeondo. In the fifth year of Yuanchu he plundered Hyeondo again together with the Yemaek, and attacked the fortress of Hwaryeo (華麗城).
In the spring of the first year of Jianguang, Feng Huan (馮煥), Inspector of You province, Yao Guang (姚光), Grand Administrator of Hyeondo, and Cai Feng (蔡諷), Grand Administrator of Liaodong, led troops out beyond the barrier and struck them, and they took and beheaded the chief of the Yemaek and got weapons and horses and goods. Then Gung had his heir Suseong (遂成) lead more than two thousand men to meet Yao Guang and the others, and he sent an envoy with a false surrender. Yao Guang and the others believed it; but Suseong held the narrow places and blocked the great army, and secretly sent three thousand men to attack Hyeondo and Liaodong, and they burned the walls and killed and wounded more than two thousand people. Thereupon more than three thousand horsemen were called out from Guangyang, Yuyang, and Youbeiping, and from the dependent state of Zhuo commandery, to go to the rescue together, but the Maek had already withdrawn.
In the summer they attacked Liaodui (遼隊) again together with more than eight thousand of the Xianbei of Liaodong, and killed and carried off officials and people. Cai Feng and the others pursued and struck them at Xinchang (新昌) and were killed in the fighting, and Geng Hao (耿耗) the merit officer, Long Duan (龍端) the aide of the troops bureau, and Gongsun Pu (公孫酺) the aide of the horse bureau shielded Cai Feng with their own bodies and died with him in the ranks, and those who died were more than a hundred.
In the autumn Gung at last led several thousand horsemen of Mahan and the Yemaek and surrounded Hyeondo. The king of Buyeo sent his son Wigutae with more than twenty thousand men, and joining their strength with the province and the commandery they struck and broke them, and took more than five hundred heads.
5To strike a country in mourning is not right — the words of Chen Zhong the Master of Writing
是歲宮死，子遂成立。姚光上言欲因其喪發兵擊之，議者皆以為可許。尚書陳忠曰：“宮前桀黠，光不能討，死而擊之，非義也。宜遣吊問，因責讓前罪，赦不加誅，取其後善。”安帝從之。明年，遂成還漢生口，詣玄菟降。詔曰：“遂成等桀逆無狀，當斬斷菹醢，以示百姓，幸會赦令，乞罪請降。鮮卑、濊貊連年寇鈔，驅略小民，動以千數，而裁送數十百人，非向化之心也。自今已後，不與縣官戰斗而自以親附送生口者，皆與贖直，縑人四十匹，小口半之。”
In this year Gung died and his son Suseong ascended the throne. Yao Guang sent up a memorial asking to call out troops and strike them while they were in mourning, and those who discussed it all said that it might be allowed. Chen Zhong (陳忠), the Master of Writing, said, "Gung was fierce and crafty before this, and Yao Guang could not punish him. To strike his country now that he is dead is not right. It is fitting to send condolences, and to reproach them for their former crime but pardon it and not put them to death, and so to take the good they may do hereafter." Emperor An followed his words.
The next year Suseong sent back the Han people he had taken alive, and went to Hyeondo and surrendered. An edict was given: "Suseong and the rest were fierce and rebellious and without decency, and they ought to be cut down and chopped and pickled and shown to the people; but by good fortune they have met with an edict of pardon, and they beg for their crime and ask to surrender. The Xianbei and the Yemaek have plundered year after year and driven off the little people, and they are counted in thousands, yet they send back only a few tens or hundreds. This is not the heart of one who turns toward the teaching. From this time forward, those who do not fight with the government but attach themselves of their own will and send back the people they have taken alive shall all be paid their price: forty bolts of fine silk for each grown person, and half of that for a child."
6Baekgo surrenders and begs to belong to Hyeondo
遂成死，子伯固立。其後濊貊率服，東垂少事。順帝陽嘉元年，置玄菟郡屯田六部。質、桓之間，復犯遼東西安平，殺帶方令，掠得樂浪太守妻子。建寧二年，玄菟太守耿臨討之，斬首數百級，伯固降服，乞屬玄菟云。
Suseong died and his son Baekgo (伯固) ascended the throne. After that the Yemaek led their people in submission, and there was little trouble on the eastern edge. In the first year of Yangjia under Emperor Shun six divisions of garrison farms were set up in the commandery of Hyeondo. Between Emperor Zhi and Emperor Huan they broke into Xi'anping in Liaodong again, and killed the prefect of Daebang, and carried off the wife and children of the Grand Administrator of Nangnang. In the second year of Jianning, Geng Lin (耿臨), Grand Administrator of Hyeondo, punished them and took several hundred heads, and Baekgo surrendered and begged to belong to Hyeondo.