Goryeo 2 — King Wonjong and Khubilai高麗 二

"Let the heir hasten his baggage and order his carriage, return to his country and take charge of its government. Let him loose old hatreds and let go his grudges, spread virtue and bestow grace. Think far upon the wounded people: this is the very day for soothing and settling them. Come out from that blue sea and dwell in Pyeongyang. Sell the sword and the knife and buy a calf, put down spear and shield and take up the plough, and whatever may relieve and save them, do not shrink from the labor. If wealth and numbers are truly shown, one may hope that ritual and right can be restored. Set the borders right quickly and settle the hearts of the people, and my army will not cross the line again. Once the great command has gone out, I do not eat my words. If any man dares again to follow disorder and offend against his superior, it does not touch your lord; it throws my statutes (典刑) into confusion, and the country has its constant law, and any man may cut him down. Ah, let the heir be king. Go, and be reverent! Receive this great instruction humbly, be the eastern screen (東藩) forever, and make my fair command resound."

In the fourth month an order came down again to instruct Jeon. "I have reverently followed the mandate of heaven and received the fair achievements of my ancestors. Looking up, I see that heaven covers all and looks on all alike with one benevolence, with no gap between far and near, small and great. Because you submitted, you were already invested as king and sent back to your country; and now, having got your letter and the frontier general's, I know the state of high and low there, and I pity it much." Jeon asked that he might come out of the water onto dry land, that he be spared the raiding of horse and soldier, and that his captives and runaway people be returned, and all of it was granted. An edict brought the army home and pardoned all within his borders. In the sixth month Jeon sent his son Hui, the duke of Yeongan, and Han Jeuk, Superintendent of the Court of Provisions, to congratulate the emperor on his accession, and the patent of investiture as king of the country, the royal seal and a tiger tally (虎符) were bestowed on him. In that month another edict came down to comfort and instruct him.

In the third month of the second year envoys were sent with tribute. In the fourth month Jeon came to court. In the sixth month Jeon changed his name to Sik (禃), and sent his heir Sim (愖) to bear a memorial and make it known. In the eighth month a jade belt was bestowed on Sik, and Bolicha, General of the Imperial Guard, and Gao Yimin, Director of the Ministry of Rites, were sent to escort Sim back to his country. In the ninth month Sik sent his Attending Censor Jang Il to bear a memorial of thanks. In the tenth month the emperor sent Adimishi and Jiao Tianyi bearing an edict to instruct him about opening a licensed market (榷場).

In the first month of the third year the trade market (互市) was abolished. The prince Tacha'er asked that an iron works (鐵冶) be set up, and it was granted; he asked that a trade market be established, and it was not granted. A calendar was bestowed on Sik, and thereafter this was made the yearly rule. Sik sent an envoy to give thanks, and a generous edict answered him. In the fourth month Sik sent Bak Ryun, Left Grand Master of Remonstrance, and Sin Hongseong, Gentleman General, and others to bear a memorial and come to court. In the sixth month envoys were sent with tribute. In the eighth month, when Bak Ryun and the rest went back, three lengths of western brocade and six lengths of gold-figured fine silk were bestowed. In the tenth month an edict instructed Sik to enter the people in the registers, send out troops, carry grain and help the army stores. In that month Sik sent envoys with tribute.

In the second month of the fourth year, because Sik had not answered the edict, his envoy was called to account. Sik begged by memorial that he might wait until the livelihood of the people had gathered a little and then do as commanded. The emperor held his words earnest and true, and allowed it, and ordered that the amount of tribute too be measured to his strength. From the third month to the sixth month Sik sent envoys with tribute three times in all, and five hundred sheep were bestowed on Sik. In the eleventh month, for being excused from setting up post stations, from entering the people in the registers and from the like, Sik sent his Hanlim Academician Han Chwi to bear a memorial of thanks.

On the first day of the first month of the fifth year, a jeongchuk day, Sik sent envoys to bear a memorial of congratulation, and when the envoys were sent back he was instructed to come to the capital in person. In the fourth month, because the princes of the northwest had led their people over in submission, it was settled to receive the court of the princes, the dukes and the herd officers at Shangdu that year, and the pildochi Guyidu was sent besides to summon Sik to court and to perform the rite of the generational audience. In the fifth month Sik sent Jang Il, Acting Libationer of the National Academy, along with Guyidu to be received. In the sixth month he came to court in person. In the ninth month, when the emperor changed the fifth year of Zhongtong to the first year of Zhiyuan, the director Lu Decheng was sent bearing the order of pardon, and with Sik's Gentleman General Gang Yunso he proclaimed it in that country. In the tenth month Sik came to court, and in the twelfth month he was sent back to his country. In the spring of that year Sik sent envoys with tribute; and from this time to the end of Shizu's thirty-one years, that country brought tribute thirty-six times in all.

In the second month of the third year of Zhiyuan, Shenzhou (瀋州) was set up to settle the surrendered people of Goryeo. The emperor wished to open friendly relations with Japan, and since Goryeo was Japan's neighbor and could serve as guide, in the eighth month he sent Heidi, Vice Minister of War, as State Envoy, with Yin Hong, Vice Minister of Rites, and Bode Xiaoxian, Officer of Deliberation, and others as envoys to Japan, having them come first to Goryeo to make his will known. In the twelfth month Sik sent Song Gunbi, Vice Commissioner of the Bureau of Military Affairs, and Kim Chan, Acting Vice Minister of Rites, and others to lead the edict envoys (詔使) Heidi, Yin Hong and the rest to Japan, but they did not arrive and turned back.

In the first month of the fourth year Sik sent Gunbi and the rest to bear a memorial and follow Heidi and the others to court. In the sixth month the emperor held that Sik had dressed up his words and made the envoys who went return for nothing. So he sent Heidi again with Gunbi and the rest to instruct Sik by edict, charged him with the business of Japan, and set as the term that he must without fail get hold of its substance. In the ninth month Sik made Ban Bu, Secretary of the Diarists, and Yi Jeong, Recording Officer, his State Envoys, and sent them with a letter to Japan.

In the first month of the fifth year Sik sent his younger brother Chang (淐) to court. The emperor held that Sik had been deceived by Chang, and he counted out the matter to his face and rebuked him sharply. He sent specially Yu Yesuntuo, Commissioner General of the Beijing Route and concurrently Prefect of Dading, and Meng Jia, Director of the Ministry of Rites, bearing an edict to instruct Sik. In outline it said: "Some time ago you asked that the troops be withdrawn, and they were withdrawn. You said that within three years you would leave the water and come onto dry land, but your earlier words have not been shown true. Again, by the statutes of Taizu, every country that submits within must send hostages, help with troops, carry grain, set up post stations, make household registers and place officials. This was plainly told you already, yet you have put it off until now and in the end have kept no word. In Taizong's time Wang Jun and the others had already come in as hostages, and the post relays too were roughly set up, but the rest was mostly not carried out. Now I mean to call the Song to account. How many soldiers and ships can you furnish? As for grain, store it up at once. And the matter of placing officials and of the household rolls, what do you mean by it? Therefore I ask." In the third month Yu Yesuntuo and the others reached that country.

In the fourth month Sik sent his Chancellery Vice Director Yi Jangyong to bear a memorial and come to court with Yesuntuo and the rest. In the fifth month the emperor commanded Jangyong, "Go and instruct your lord to report the number of his troops truthfully and quickly. I shall send a man to press him. Now when the army goes out, you will surely wonder where it will march. It may be the Southern Song, it may be Japan. Your lord is to build a thousand ships, able to cross the great sea and to carry four thousand seok." Jangyong said, "The matter of the ships we shall answer to at once, but the people are worn out and few, and I fear we cannot meet the term. In days past my country had forty thousand soldiers, but in thirty-odd years they have died of war and plague, and now there are only the empty names of squad heads, fifty-household chiefs, hundred-household chiefs and thousand-household chiefs, and no soldiers." The emperor said, "Some have died, and some are living." Jangyong said, "By your sage virtue, since the troops were withdrawn, those who have been born and grown are barely ten years old." The emperor said further, "Those who come from your country say that at sea, with a fair wind, one may reach the Song in three days, and that Japan one leaves in the morning and reaches in the evening. Load rice in the ship and catch fish in the sea to eat, and how can the voyage not be made?" And he commanded Jangyong again, "Go back and instruct your lord with these words."

In the seventh month an edict sent Tuoduo'er, Commander General, Wang Guochang, General of Martial Virtue and Commander, and Liu Jie, General of Martial Strategy and Deputy Commander, and others as envoys to that country, going together with Choe Dongsu, Grand General, who had come to court. In the eighth month they reached that country, and Sik came out to Seungcheonbu to meet them; the purpose was to instruct him about reviewing the troops and building the ships. In the ninth month, when Sik reported by memorial that Ban Bu and the rest had come back from their embassy without success, Heidi and the others were sent again as envoys to Japan, and an edict told Sik to have a high minister lead and escort them. In the twelfth month Sik sent Sin Sajeon, Administrator of the Chancellery, Jin Jeong, Vice Minister of Rites, and Ban Bu, Secretary of the Diarists, and others to follow the State Envoys Heidi and the rest to Japan, and Jang Il, Acting Vice Minister of Rites, bore a memorial and followed Tuoduo'er to court.

In the first month of the sixth year Sik sent his Grand General Gang Yunso to bear a memorial reporting that the powerful minister Kim Jun and others had been cut down. In the third month Sik again sent Sin Sajeon to bear a memorial and follow Heidi to court. In the sixth month Sik sent his heir Sim to court, and a jade belt was bestowed on Sik, fifty yang of gold on Sim, and silver and silk in graded amounts on the officers who attended him. In the seventh month the emperor sent Tuoduo'er, General of Illustrious Might and Commander General, Wang Guochang, General of Martial Virtue and Commander, and Liu Jie, General of Martial Strategy and Deputy Commander, to look over the roads of Tamna and other places, and an edict told Sik to choose officers to guide them; for men said that by the sea road of Tamna it was very easy to go to the Southern Song and to Japan.

In the eighth month the heir Sim reached the court and reported that the subjects of his country had of their own will deposed Sik and set up his younger brother Chang, the duke of Angyeong. An edict sent the envoys Woduosibuhua, Li E and others to that country to ask into it closely. In the ninth month his Vice Commissioner of the Bureau of Military Affairs, Kim Bang-gyeong, bore a memorial and followed Woduosibuhua and the rest to court. The Bureau of Military Affairs and the Censorate reported that the heir Sim had said, "If the court sends out a campaign, I can furnish three thousand soldiers and five months' provisions; and if the imperial army enters our borders, I ought to go with it, so that there be no alarm and disorder." The emperor held it right. An edict conferred on the heir the ranks of specially advanced and supreme pillar of state, and Sim was commanded to lead three thousand soldiers and hasten to his country's trouble. Chaobuhua was ordered to go and punish that country, but as he was ill he could not go, and an edict sent Mengguodu in his place.

In the tenth month the emperor held that the deposing and setting up of Sik and Chang was the doing of Im Yeon. He sent Heidi, Grand Master of Palace Counsel and Vice Minister of War, and Xu Shixiong, Judicial Officer of the Zilai Route Commissioner General's office, to order Sik, Chang, Yeon and the rest to come together below the palace in the twelfth month, to state the true facts to his face and have the right and wrong of it heard. He also sent the Prince of the State Touniange and others to lead troops and press upon the border, and if they passed the term and did not come, then the chief evildoers were to be pursued to the end and the army was to advance and cut them down. Zhao Bi was ordered to carry on the business of the Secretariat at Dongjing, and an edict instructed the army and the people of the country of Goryeo as before. In the eleventh month Choe Tan, Commander General of Goryeo, and others took Im Yeon's revolt as their ground and brought Seogyeong and more than fifty fortresses over in submission. The judge Bietongwa was sent by post horse to draft soldiers from within the households actually liable to levy under the charge of Wang Jun and Hong Dagu; they came to Dongjing and were attached to the Bureau of Military Affairs, and three thousand three hundred men were got. Yi Yeollyeong, Commander of Seogyeong in Goryeo, begged for more troops, and Manggedu was sent to lead two thousand soldiers and hasten there.