The Three Han三韓
1Han has three peoples — seventy-eight states, and Baekje is one of them
韓有三種：一曰馬韓、二曰辰韓、三曰弁辰。馬韓在西，有五十四國，其北與樂浪，南與倭接，辰韓在東，十有二國，其北與濊貊接。弁辰在辰韓之南，亦十有二國，其南亦與倭接。凡七十八國，伯濟是其一國焉。大者萬餘户，小者數千家，各在山海間，地合方四千餘里，東西以海為限，皆古之辰國也。馬韓最大，共立其種為辰王，都目支國，盡王三韓之地。其諸國王先皆是馬韓種人焉。
Han (韓) has three peoples. The first is Mahan (馬韓), the second Jinhan (辰韓), and the third Byeonjin (弁辰). Mahan lies in the west and has fifty-four states, and on the north it borders Nangnang and on the south Wa. Jinhan lies in the east and has twelve states, and on the north it borders the Yemaek. Byeonjin lies south of Jinhan and has twelve states as well, and on the south it borders Wa too.
There are seventy-eight states in all, and Baekje (伯濟) is one of them. The great ones have more than ten thousand households and the small ones a few thousand houses, and each lies between the mountains and the sea. Their lands together are more than four thousand li square, and on the east and the west the sea is their limit. All of them were the old state of Jin (辰國). Mahan is the greatest, and they set up one of its people together as the Jin king (辰王), who has his capital at Mokji (目支國) and is king over all the land of the Three Han. The kings of those several states were all men of Mahan before this.
2Mahan — they raise a Sodo and hang bells and drums on a great tree
馬韓人知田蠶，作綿布。出大栗如梨。有長尾雞，尾長五尺。邑落雜居，亦無城郭。作土室，形如冢，開户在上。不知跪拜。無長幼男女之別。不貴金寶錦罽，不知騎乘牛馬，唯重瓔珠，以綴衣為飾，及縣頸垂耳。大率皆魁頭露紒，布袍草履。其人壯勇，少年有築室作力者，輒以繩貫脊皮，縋以大木，歡呼為健。常以五月田竟祭鬼神，晝夜酒會，群聚歌舞，舞輒數十人相隨，蹋地為節。十月農功畢，亦復如之。諸國邑各以一人主祭天神，號為“天君”。又立蘇塗，建大木以縣鈴鼓，事鬼神。其南界近倭，亦有文身者。
The people of Mahan know how to till the fields and to raise silkworms, and they weave cloth. Great chestnuts as big as pears come from there. There are long-tailed fowl whose tails are five feet long.
Their settlements lie mixed together, and they have no walled towns either. They make houses of earth, shaped like a tomb, with the door opened at the top. They do not know how to kneel and bow. They make no difference between old and young or between man and woman. They do not prize gold or jewels or brocade or felt, and they do not know how to ride or drive oxen and horses; they value only beads, which they sew on their clothes for ornament, or hang from the neck, or let fall from the ears. For the most part they all go bareheaded with the topknot showing, in hempen robes and straw sandals.
The people are stout and brave. When a young man does the work of building a house, he runs a cord through the skin of his back and hangs a great log from it, and shouts as he goes, and they take this for strength.
Always in the fifth month, when the field work is done, they sacrifice to the spirits, and by night and by day they hold drinking parties and gather in crowds to sing and dance. In the dancing several tens of them follow one another and tread the ground for the beat. In the tenth month, when the farm work is finished, they do the same again. In the towns of the several states they set up one man to have charge of the sacrifice to the god of Heaven, and he is called the cheongun (天君). They raise a Sodo (蘇塗) besides, setting up a great tree and hanging bells and drums from it, and they serve the spirits there. Their southern border is near Wa, and there too are people who mark their bodies.
3Jinhan — they say the speech of Qin is left in them, and they use iron for money
辰韓，耆老自言秦之亡人，避苦役，適韓國，馬韓割東界地與之。其名國為邦，弓為弧，賊為寇，行酒為行觴，相呼為徒，有似秦語，故或名之為秦韓。有城柵屋室。諸小別邑，各有渠帥，大者名臣智，次有儉側，次有樊秖，次有殺奚，次有邑借。土地肥美，宜五穀。知蠶桑，作縑布。乘駕牛馬。嫁娶以禮。行者讓路。國出鐵，濊、倭、馬韓并從市之。凡諸貿易，皆以鐵為貨。俗喜歌舞、飲酒、鼓瑟。兒生欲令其頭扁，皆押之以石。
As for Jinhan, their old men say of themselves that they were fugitives from Qin who fled hard labor and came to the country of Han, and that Mahan cut off its eastern border and gave it to them. They call a state bang (邦), a bow ho (弧), a robber gu (寇), the serving of wine haengsang (行觴), and calling to one another do (徒). There is something in this like the speech of Qin, and so some call them Jinhan (秦韓), the Han of Qin.
They have stockades and houses. Each of their several small towns has its own chief, and the great one is called sinji (臣智), and below him is geomcheuk (儉側), and below him beonji (樊秖), and below him salhae (殺奚), and below him eupcha (邑借).
The land is rich and fair and suits the five grains. They know silkworms and mulberries, and they weave silk and cloth. They ride and drive oxen and horses. In marrying they keep the proper rites. Those who go along the road give way to one another. Iron comes from that country, and Ye and Wa and Mahan all come and buy it. In all their buying and selling they use iron for money. By their custom they delight in singing and dancing, in drinking wine, and in playing the zither. When a child is born they wish its head to be flat, and they all press it with a stone.
4Byeonjin — their clothing is clean and their punishments are harsh
弁辰與辰韓雜居，城郭衣服皆同，語言風俗有異。其人形皆長大，美髮，衣服潔清。而刑法嚴峻。其國近倭，故頗有文身者。
Byeonjin lives mixed together with Jinhan. Their walled towns and their clothing are all the same, but their speech and their customs differ. The people are all large of body, with fine hair, and their clothing is clean. And yet their punishments and laws are stern and harsh. Their country is near Wa, and so there are a good many who mark their bodies.
5King Jun flees over the sea and becomes king of Han
初，朝鮮王准為衛滿所破，乃將其餘眾數千人走入海，攻馬韓，破之，自立為韓王。准後滅絕，馬韓人復自立為辰王。建武二十年，韓人廉斯人蘇馬諟等，詣樂浪貢獻。光武封蘇馬諟為漢廉斯邑君，使屬樂浪郡，四時朝謁。靈帝末，韓、濊并盛，郡縣不能制，百姓苦亂，多流亡入韓者。
In the beginning, when Jun (準), king of Joseon, was broken by Wiman, he led the several thousand of his people who were left and fled out to sea, and he struck Mahan and broke it and set himself up as king of Han (韓王). After the line of Jun died out, a man of Mahan set himself up again as the Jin king.
In the twentieth year of Jianwu, Somasi (蘇馬諟) and others, men of Yeomsa (廉斯) in Han, went to Nangnang with tribute, and Emperor Guangwu enfeoffed Somasi as eupgun of Yeomsa of Han (漢廉斯邑君) and had him belong to the commandery of Nangnang and come to court and be received at the four seasons. At the end of Emperor Ling's reign Han and Ye both grew strong, and the commanderies and counties could not hold them down, and the people suffered in the disorder, and many of them flowed into Han.
6Juho — the short, small people of an island in the sea
馬韓之西，海島上有州胡國。其人短小，髡頭，衣韋衣，有上無下。好養牛豕。乘船往來，貨市韓中。
West of Mahan, on an island in the sea, there is the state of Juho (州胡國). Its people are short and small, and they shave their heads and wear leather clothes that have an upper part but nothing below. They love to raise oxen and pigs. They go back and forth in boats and buy and sell in the land of Han.