Goryeo高麗

Goryeo is in origin a separate branch of Buyeo. Its land reaches east across the sea to Silla, and south also across the sea to Baekje. To the north-west it crosses the Liao and touches Yingzhou, and to the north are the Malgal. Its ruler lives in the fortress of Pyeongyang, which is also called the fortress of Jang'an, and which was the Nangnang Commandery of Han, more than five thousand li from the capital. Following the lie of the mountains the walls wind and turn about, and on the south they come down to the Paesu, and the king built his palace on the left of it. There are also Gungnaeseong and Hanseong, which are called the secondary capitals (別都). Among its waters are the Great Liao and the Lesser Liao. The Great Liao comes out of the mountains south-west of the Malgal and runs south past the fortress of Ansi. The Lesser Liao comes out west of Mount Liao and also flows south, and the Liang, which rises beyond the frontier, runs west and joins it. There is the Maja, which comes out of Mount Baek among the Malgal. Its colour is like a duck's head, and so it is called the Amnok. It passes west of Gungnaeseong and joins the Yeomnan, and then goes south-west to Ansi and enters the sea. Pyeongyang lies south-east of the Amnok, and people are ferried over in great ships, and so they trust it and take it for a moat.

The offices are twelve grades in all. There is the daedaero (大對盧), whom some call tojol. There is the uljeol, who has charge of the maps and the registers. There is the taedaesaja. There is the baeguidudaehyeong; the so-called baegui (帛衣) is the seonin (先人), who holds the government of the state and is changed once in three years, though he is not changed if he keeps the office well. On the day of the change, if there is one who will not submit, they attack one another, and the king shuts the palace gates and guards them and grants the place to the winner. There is the daesaja, the daehyeong, the sangwisaja, the jehyeong, the sosaja, the gwajeol, the seonin, and the gochudaega. Its provinces and districts are sixty. In a great fortress one yoksal is set, matching an Area Commander; in the other fortresses cheoryeogeunji are set, also called dosa, matching a prefect. There are assistants who divide the work between them. There is the daemodal, matching a general of the guard, and the malgaek, matching a general of the palace gentlemen.

It is divided into five bu. One is Naebu, which is the Gyeru bu of Han times, also called Hwangbu. One is Bukbu, which is the Jeolno bu, also called Hubu. One is Dongbu, which is the Sunno bu, also called Jwabu. One is Nambu, which is the Gwanno bu, also called Jeonbu. One is Seobu, which is the Sono bu.

The king wears robes of five colours and makes his cap of white silk gauze, and his leather belts all have gold clasps. The great ministers wear caps of blue gauze, and those below them caps of crimson gauze; they set two bird feathers in them and put clasps of gold and silver mixed together. They wear jackets with tube sleeves, trousers with wide mouths, white leather belts and yellow leather shoes. The common people wear coarse cloth and put on a peaked cap, and the women wear the geongwik on the head. In their customs they delight in baduk, in pitch-pot and in kickball. For eating they use the byeon, the du, the bo, the gwe, the noe and the se. They live among the mountain valleys and thatch their houses with grass, and only the royal palace, the government offices and the Buddhist halls use tiles. In the deep of winter the poor make long heated flues and burn a slow fire to warm themselves. In its rule the law is harsh and holds those below in check, and so few offend. One who rebels is burned on the body with bundled torches and then beheaded, and his household is confiscated. One who surrenders, one who is beaten in war, one who kills a man and one who robs are beheaded. A thief pays back tenfold. One who kills an ox or a horse is taken as a slave, and so on the road men do not pick up what is dropped. In marriage they use no bride-gifts, and if there is one who takes them it is held a shame. Mourning for father and mother is three years, and for a brother it is put off after a month. In their customs there are many wanton shrines, and they do rites to Yeongseong, to the sun, to Gija, to the Khan and other gods. On the left of the state there is a great cave called Sinsu (神隧), and every tenth month the king himself makes offering there. The people delight in learning, and even in the poor lanes and the houses of servants they urge one another on. Beside the crossroads they all build stout houses, called gukdang (局堂), where the young men not yet married gather together and recite the classics and practise archery.

At the end of Sui the king of that country, Go Won, died, and his younger brother by another mother, Geonmu, succeeded him. In the first years of Wude he twice sent envoys to court. Gaozu sent down a letter to cultivate friendship, and it was agreed that the people of Goryeo in China would be escorted home, and that the people of China in Goryeo would be sent back by imperial order. Thereupon Geonmu searched out all who had drifted there and gave them back to the officials, near ten thousand men. Three years later an envoy was sent to invest him as Supreme Pillar of State, Prince of the Commandery of Liaodong and King of Goryeo, and Daoist priests were ordered to go with an image of the Heavenly Venerable and to expound the Laozi for him. Geonmu was greatly pleased, and he led the people of the state to hear it with him, several thousand a day. The emperor said to those about him, "The name and the reality must answer to each other. Goryeo called itself a subject of Sui, and yet in the end it withstood Emperor Yang. What subject is that? I strive to make the people rest. Why must I take its submission?" Pei Ju and Wen Yanbo remonstrated, "Liaodong was in origin the country of Gija, and it lay within the old enfeoffed bounds in the time of Wei and Jin. It cannot but be held as a subject. China and the barbarians are like the sun and the ranked stars, and the one cannot be lowered." So he stopped. The next year Silla and Baekje sent up memorials, saying that Geonmu had shut the road and would not let them come to court, and that he invaded them often besides. By edict Zhu Zishe, Cavalier Attendant Gentleman, bore the tally and admonished them to make peace, and Geonmu begged pardon for his fault and asked to be at peace with the two countries. When Taizong had taken Xieli of the Tujue, Geonmu sent an envoy to congratulate him and offered up a map of his borders as well. The emperor by edict had Zhangsun Shi, Administrator of Guangzhou, bury the bones of the Sui soldiers that lay uncovered, and pull down the war monument that Goryeo had raised. Geonmu was afraid, and so he built a long wall a thousand li, beginning in the north-east at Buyeo and coming down in the south-west to the sea. Long after, he sent the crown prince Hwangwon to court to offer the products of the land, and the emperor gave rich gifts in return, and by edict he sent the envoy Chen Dade, bearing the tally, to answer the courtesy and to observe how the country stood.

Dade went into that country and gave rich presents to the officers who guarded it, and so he learned everything down to the smallest turn of it. When he saw the men of China who were living there as drifters he told them whether their kinsfolk were alive or dead, and every one of them shed tears, and so wherever he came men and women lined the road to look at him. Geonmu drew up his troops in great array and received the envoy. Dade came back and reported, and the emperor was pleased. Dade said further, "When they heard that Gaochang had been destroyed, their daedaero came three times to the guest house and added courtesies." The emperor said, "The land of Goryeo reaches no further than four commanderies. If I send out some tens of thousands of soldiers and strike Liaodong, all the fortresses must go to its rescue, and if I go with a fleet from Donglai over the sea and make for Pyeongyang, it is truly easy. But the empire is only now at peace, and I do not wish to weary the people."

There was one Gaesomun, whom some call Gaegeum. His surname was Cheon (泉氏), and he said of himself that he was born in the water, to delude the multitude. He was cruel and violent by nature. His father was Great Man of the Eastern bu and daedaero, and when he died Gaesomun should have succeeded him; but the people of the country hated him and he could not take the place. He bowed his head to the ground and begged pardon of the multitude and asked to hold the office in trust, and said that if it would not do he would not repent though he were put out of it. The multitude pitied him, and so he succeeded to the place. He was cruel and evil and without right ways, and the great ministers took counsel with Geonmu to put him to death. Gaesomun learned of it and called all the bu together, pretending that there would be a great review of the troops. He set out the dishes of a feast and asked the great ministers to come and look on, and when the guests came he killed them all, more than a hundred men in all. He rode into the palace and killed Geonmu, and cut his body in pieces and threw it into a ditch. He then set up Jang, the son of Geonmu's younger brother, as king, and made himself mangniji and held the country alone; the office, they say, is like that of the Minister of War and the Director of the Secretariat in Tang. He was tall and handsome, with a fine beard, and his cap and clothes were all adorned with gold, and he wore five swords, and those about him did not dare to look up at him. He made men of rank lie down on the ground and trod on them to mount his horse. When he went out and came in, his soldiers were drawn up and there was a long cry to clear the way, and the people fled in fear and even threw themselves into pits and hollows.

The emperor heard that Geonmu had been killed by one below him, and in sorrow he sent an envoy bearing the tally to condole and to make offering. Someone urged the emperor that he might now go on and punish them, but the emperor did not wish to strike at guilt while the house was in mourning, and so he invested Jang as Prince of the Commandery of Liaodong and King of Goryeo. The emperor said, "Gaesomun has killed his lord and seized the country. It would be easy for me to take it, only I do not wish to weary the people. What of it?" Fang Xuanling, Minister of Works, said, "Your Majesty's soldiers are brave and their strength is more than enough, and yet you hold them in and do not use them. This is what is called 'to stay the spear is the true valour.'" Zhangsun Wuji, Minister over the Masses, said, "Not one man has come from Goryeo to report the trouble. It is fitting to send down a letter and comfort them, to cover over their sickness and soothe those who are left, and they will obey the command." The emperor said, "Good."

It happened that Silla sent an envoy with a memorial, saying, "Goryeo and Baekje have joined in friendship and will soon strike us. We give our lives in trust to the Son of Heaven." The emperor asked, "How may you be spared?" The envoy said, "Our plans are at an end. Only let Your Majesty have pity on us!" The emperor said, "If I take a part of my army and lead the Khitan and the Malgal into Liaodong, your country may have a year's respite. That is one plan. If I give your country several thousand crimson robes and red banners, and you set them up in your ranks when they come, the two countries will see them and think that my army has come, and they will surely run. That is the second plan. Baekje trusts to the sea and does not keep its weapons in repair, and I may strike it with some tens of thousands of my fleet. And your country has a woman for its lord, and so it is despised by its neighbours, and I may set one of my own house over your country and wait until it is at peace and then let it guard itself. That is the third plan. Which of them will the envoy take?" The envoy could not answer. Thereupon Xiangli Xuanjiang, Assistant Director of the Court of Agriculture, was sent with a letter under the seal to reprove Goryeo and to make it stop its attacks. Before the envoy came, Gaesomun had already taken two fortresses of Silla. Xuanjiang made the emperor's mind known, and the answer was, "In the past, when Sui invaded us, Silla took the chance and seized five hundred li of our land. Unless all that land is given back now, our troops will not stop." Xuanjiang said, "How are past matters worth arguing? Liaodong is an old commandery and county of China, and the Son of Heaven does not even take it. How can Goryeo go against the edict?" He would not follow him. Xuanjiang came back and reported, and the emperor said, "The mangniji has killed his lord and uses those below him cruelly, as a snare and a pit, and the cry of their pain overflows the roads. Shall I have no name for sending out an army?" Chu Suiliang, Grand Master of Remonstrance, said, "If Your Majesty's soldiers cross the Liao and win, it is truly good; but if one part in ten thousand should not go as we wish, the army must be used a second time, and if the army is used a second time, safety and danger cannot be reckoned." Li Ji, Minister of War, said, "It is not so.

In the past, when the Xueyantuo plundered the border, Your Majesty wished to pursue and strike them, and Wei Zheng remonstrated hard and it was stopped. Had we struck them then, not one horse would have gone back alive. Afterwards they rebelled and troubled us again, and it is a regret to this day." The emperor said, "That is true indeed. But if a single failure of judgment is blamed, who will make plans for me hereafter?" Silla asked often for help, and so four hundred boats of Wu were given to carry grain, and by edict Zhang Jian, Area Commander of Yingzhou, and others raised the troops of Youzhou and Yingzhou, with the Khitan, the Xi and the Malgal, and went out to strike. It happened that the Liao overflowed, and the army came back. The mangniji was afraid and sent an envoy to offer gold, but the emperor would not take it. The envoy said further, "The mangniji will send fifty officers to serve in the guard." The emperor was angry and rebuked the envoy, saying, "You all pledged yourselves to Go Mu, and you did not keep faith and die for the right, and now you plot for the traitor besides. It cannot be pardoned." He sent them all down to prison.

Thereupon the emperor wished to lead the army himself and strike them. He called the old men of Chang'an and comforted them, saying, "Liaodong is old land of China, and the mangniji has treacherously killed his lord. I am going myself to take the field and set it in order, and therefore I make a promise with you elders. Whoever of your sons or grandsons goes with me, I will care for them well, and you need not be anxious." At once he gave cloth and grain in plenty. All the officials urged the emperor not to go, and the emperor said, "I know it. To leave the root and go after the branch, to let go the high and take the low, to put aside the near and go to the far, these three are not auspicious, and to strike Goryeo is such a thing. Yet Gaesomun has killed his lord and has slain the great ministers besides to please himself, and the people of the whole country stretch out their necks and wait to be saved. Those who argue have simply not seen it clearly." Thereupon grain was carried north to Yingzhou and stored east at the fortress of Godaein. The emperor went to Luoyang, and there he made Zhang Liang Grand Commander of the Marching Army of the Pyeongyang Road, with Chang He and Zuo Nandang as his seconds, and Ran Rende, Liu Yingxing, Zhang Wengan, Pang Xiaotai and Cheng Mingzhen as commanders, to lead forty thousand troops raised in Jiang, Wu, the capital and Luo, with five hundred boats of Wu, and to float over the sea and make for Pyeongyang. He made Li Ji Grand Commander of the Marching Army of the Liaodong Road, with Daozong, Prince of Jiangxia, as his second, and Zhang Shigui, Zhang Jian, Zhishi Sili, Qibi Heli, Ashina Mishe, Jiang Deben, Qu Zhisheng and Wu Heita as Commanders of the Marching Army under him, to lead sixty thousand horsemen and make for Liaodong. The edict said, "Where I pass, let no camp or post be decked out, let the food not be rich or strange, let no bridge be made over water that can be forded, and unless a district is near the travelling court let no students or elders be made to come and greet me. In the old days, when I took up the spear and put down disorder, I had not a month's store laid by, and still wherever I went men bent like grass in the wind. Now, happily, every house has enough, and I fear only the labour of carrying the grain, and so I drive oxen and sheep to feed the army. Moreover I have five things that make me sure to win. With our greatness we strike their smallness; with our right we punish their wrong; with our order we take them in their disorder; with our ease we meet their toil; with our gladness we face their resentment. Why should I fear not to overcome them?" He also called out the troops of the Khitan, the Xi, Silla, Baekje and the other chiefs to gather all together.

In the second month of the nineteenth year the emperor went from Luoyang and halted at Dingzhou, and said to those about him, "Now the empire is greatly settled, and only Liaodong has not submitted. If those who come after me trust in the strength of their soldiers and horses, crafty ministers will lead them into campaigns, and ruin and disorder will begin from it. Therefore I take it myself, so as to leave no trouble to later ages." The emperor sat in the city gate, and as the troops went by he comforted every man of them, and looked himself to those who were sick and ordered the districts to treat them, and the soldiers were greatly pleased. Zhangsun Wuji reported, "All the tally-fish (符魚) of the empire follow you, and yet the palace officers are only ten. The empire will think the sacred vessel (神器) held lightly." The emperor said, "A hundred thousand soldiers cross the Liao, and all of them have left their homes. I am ashamed that even ten men follow me, and you will say no more!" The emperor himself bore his quiver and tied two quivers to his saddle. In the fourth month Li Ji crossed the Liao, and Goryeo everywhere shut its fortresses and held them. The emperor feasted the soldiers greatly and pitched his tents south of Youzhou, and by edict he had Zhangsun Wuji swear the army, and then he led them east.

Li Ji attacked the fortress of Gaemo and took it, and got twenty thousand households and a hundred thousand bushels of grain, and made that land Gaizhou. Cheng Mingzhen attacked the fortress of Sabi and went in on its west side by night, and the fortress fell, and he took eight thousand of its people captive, and his roving troops came to the Amnok. Li Ji then surrounded the fortress of Liaodong. The emperor halted at the marsh of Liao, and by edict he buried the bones of the Sui soldiers that lay uncovered. Goryeo sent out forty thousand horsemen from Sinseong and Gungnaeseong to save Liaodong. Daozong led Zhang Junyi and met them in battle, and Junyi fell back. Daozong rode at them with his horsemen, and the enemy troops gave way and scattered, and he took their bridge and gathered the scattered soldiers and went up to a height to look out. Seeing that the ranks of Goryeo were in an uproar, he struck them swiftly and broke them, and cut off more than a thousand heads, and he beheaded Junyi and had him carried round the camp. When the emperor crossed the Liao he took away the log bridge to harden the hearts of the soldiers, and camped at Mount Masu. He came himself to the foot of the fortress, and seeing the soldiers filling in the moat he took a share of the burden, and the heavy loads he carried on his horse. The officials were shaken and afraid, and they vied with one another in carrying clods forward. In the fortress there was a shrine of Jumong, and in the shrine were a coat of chain mail and a sharp spear, and they said falsely that Heaven had sent them down in the time of the Former Yan. When the siege pressed hard they dressed a fair woman to be the goddess, and a shaman lied and said that Jumong was pleased and the fortress would surely be safe. Li Ji set out the hurling carts, and they threw great stones more than three hundred paces, and whatever they struck fell at once. The enemy piled up timber and made a tower and wove a net of ropes, but they could not keep them off. With ramming carts he struck the houses on the battlements and broke them. At that time Baekje presented armour of gold, and armour of black metal with the five patterns of mountains, and the soldiers wore it and followed, and when the emperor met Li Ji the light of the armour flashed in the sun. It happened that the south wind was strong, and the soldiers loosed fire on the south-west, and the flames spread into the fortress and the houses were almost all burned, and more than ten thousand people died in the fire. When the soldiers climbed the battlements the enemy held up shields to keep them off, and the soldiers pounded at them with long spears, and stones fell like rain, and the fortress fell at last. They took ten thousand able soldiers, forty thousand households and five hundred thousand bushels of grain, and made that land Liaozhou. At the first, from the place where the crown prince was to the travelling court, the emperor had set a beacon at every lodging, and it was agreed that the beacons would be raised when Liaodong fell, and on that day the fire was passed on and came within the frontier.

He went on and attacked the fortress of Baegam. The fortress had a mountain at its back and a cliff above the water, and it was very steep. The emperor made his camp to the north-west. Son Beoreum, chief of the enemy, secretly begged to surrender, but the men in the fortress could not be of one mind. The emperor gave him a banner and said, "If you surrender, set this on the battlements for a pledge." Soon the banner was raised, and the people of the fortress all thought that the Tang soldiers had climbed up, and so they surrendered. At the first, when Beoreum had repented in the middle of it, the emperor in his anger had promised the captives and the spoil to the generals. Now Li Ji said, "The soldiers press forward because they covet what they may take. The fortress is in danger and about to fall, and their surrender must not be granted, or the hearts of the soldiers will be cast away." The emperor said, "The general's words are right. Yet to loose the soldiers to kill, and to seize other men's wives and children, I cannot bear. Those under the general who have merit I can reward with goods from my storehouse, and so let me redeem one fortress from the general." He took ten thousand men and women in all and two thousand soldiers, and made that land Yanzhou, and appointed Beoreum its prefect. The mangniji had set seven hundred men of Gasi to guard Gaemo, and Li Ji took them prisoner. They asked to serve him, but the emperor said, "Your households are at Gasi, and if you fight for me they will all be slaughtered. To wipe out one clan in order to get the strength of one man will not do." He gave them provisions and set them free.

He halted at Ansi. Thereupon Go Yeonsu, yoksal of the northern bu of Goryeo, and Go Hyejin, yoksal of the southern bu, led their troops and a host of Malgal, a hundred and fifty thousand men, and came to the rescue. The emperor said, "If they hold their troops in and build their wall joined to Ansi, and take their stand on the high mountain and eat the grain in the fortress, and loose the Malgal to plunder our oxen and horses, then it cannot be taken though we strike it. That is their best plan. To take the people out of the fortress and go off by night is the middle plan. If they strive with me point to point, they will be taken." There was a daedaero who made a plan for Yeonsu, and said, "I hear that when China was in disorder the bold and the strong rose up together, and that the Prince of Qin with his godlike valour met none who could stand against him and fought with none who could bar his way, and so he settled the empire and faced south as emperor, and there is none among the northern Di or the western Rong who is not his subject. Now he has swept the land and come, and his crafty ministers and heavy generals are all here, and his point cannot be matched. Now nothing is better than to hold the army still and draw out the days, and to send picked troops in secret to cut off the road of his provisions. Before ten days or a month are gone his food will be spent, and he will wish to fight and cannot, and wish to go home and have no road, and then he can be taken." Yeonsu would not follow him, and he led his army and camped forty li from Ansi. The emperor said, "The enemy has fallen into my plan." He ordered Ashina She'er, Grand General of the Left Guard, to try them with a thousand Tujue horsemen. The enemy always kept the picked Malgal troops in front, and when She'er's troops met them he drew back. Yeonsu said, "Tang is easy to deal with," and he went forward thirty li and set his ranks against the foot of the hills. The emperor sent word to Yeonsu, "I came to call that crime to account, because you have a strong minister who has treacherously killed his lord. To join battle at once is not my wish." Yeonsu thought it was so, and held his arms still and waited. That night the emperor called the generals and had Li Ji set fifteen thousand foot and horse in ranks on the western ridge to face the enemy, and Zhangsun Wuji and Niu Jinda go out with ten thousand picked troops through the narrow valley at the enemy's back, while the emperor with four thousand horsemen, their banners laid down, made for the hills north of the enemy. He ordered all the armies, "When you hear the drums, go forward together."

He had a tent pitched in the court hall and said, "Tomorrow at noon I will receive the surrendered enemy here." That night a shooting star fell on Yeonsu's camp. In the morning the enemy saw that Li Ji's troops were few and came at once to fight. The emperor saw the dust rising from Wuji's army, and ordered the drums and horns to sound and the banners to gather from four sides. The enemy were confused and would have divided their troops to meet them, but their host was already in an uproar. Li Ji struck them with the spears of the foot and broke them, and Wuji came upon their rear, and the emperor rode down from the hill, and the enemy fell into great disorder, and twenty thousand heads were cut off. Yeonsu gathered the rest of his host and set his back to the mountain and held fast, and Wuji and Li Ji closed round him and took away the bridge over the stream and cut off his way back. The emperor drew rein and looked at the enemy camp and said, "Goryeo emptied the country and came, and one wave of the hand has broken them. Heaven helps me." He got down from his horse and bowed twice and gave thanks to Heaven. Yeonsu and the others saw that their case was hopeless and at once gave up their host and surrendered. They came in at the gate of the camp and went forward on their knees, and bowed with their hands and begged for their lives. The emperor said, "Will you dare to fight with the Son of Heaven again?" They were in a sweat of fear and could not answer. The emperor picked out three thousand five hundred chiefs and gave them all office and allowed them to move inside, and he let the remaining thirty thousand go home, and he put more than three thousand of the Malgal to death. He got a hundred thousand horses and oxen and ten thousand suits of bright-light armour. Goryeo was struck with dread, and afterwards the two fortresses of Hwangseong and Eunseong were emptied and left, and for several hundred li there was no smoke of cooking. Then he sent word by post horse to the crown prince, and gave a letter to the officials as well, saying, "I have led the army myself, and it has gone thus. What do you say?" He named the hill where he had stayed Mount Jupil, and had the breaking of the ranks drawn in a picture, and cut the record of the merit in stone. He appointed Yeonsu Chamberlain of the Court for Dependencies, and Hyejin Chamberlain of the Court of Agriculture. The scouts took a spy, and the emperor loosed his bonds. The man said that he had not eaten for three days, and the emperor had him fed and gave him straw shoes and sent him away, saying, "Go back and tell the mangniji. If he wishes to know how the army goes forward or back, he may send a man to where I am." The emperor made no ditch or rampart at any camp, but only kept a careful watch, and though his soldiers carried grain with a single horse, the enemy did not dare to plunder them.

The emperor took counsel with Li Ji on where to attack, and said, "I hear that Ansi is a steep place and its people are fierce, and that the mangniji struck it and could not take it and so left it to them. Geonan trusts to its steepness and has much grain but few soldiers, and if we go against it where they do not look for us they will not save one another. If Geonan is taken, then Ansi is in my belly." Li Ji said, "It is not so. Our grain is stored at Liaodong, and if we go west and strike Geonan the enemy will block our way home. It is better to attack Ansi first." The emperor said, "Good," and so he attacked it, but could not take it. Yeonsu and Hyejin made a plan and said, "The yoksal of the fortress of Ogol is already old, and it can be taken by evening if it is attacked in the morning. If Ogol is taken, then Pyeongyang too will fall." The officials also held that Zhang Liang's army was at the fortress of Sa and would come in one night if it were called, and that to take Ogol and cross the Amnok and press upon their heart was the better plan. Wuji said, "The Son of Heaven does not campaign by chances. A host of a hundred thousand at Ansi is at our back, and it is better to break it first and then drive south. That is the way of full safety." So it was stopped. Whenever the people of the fortress saw the emperor's banner they went up on the battlements and shouted, and the emperor was angry. Li Ji asked that on the day it was broken all the men should be put to death, and the enemy heard it and therefore fought to the death. Daozong, Prince of Jiangxia, built a mound of earth (距闉) against the wall and attacked the south-east, and the enemy raised their battlements higher and held it. Li Ji attacked the west side, and wherever the ramming carts broke the wall they at once bound up palisades and made a tower. The emperor heard the sound of fowls and pigs in the fortress and said, "The siege is long, and no black smoke has risen from the chimneys. Now the fowls and pigs are crying, and they must be killing them to feast the soldiers, and the enemy will come out at night." By edict he set the soldiers on guard. In the dead of night several hundred of the enemy came down by ropes, and all of them were taken. Daozong had bundles of branches wrapped with earth and piled them up, and the mound was finished and came within a few fathoms of the fortress. Fu Fu'ai, Commandant of the Resolute, was set to guard it. As the mound rose high it pushed against the wall, and when the wall was about to fall Fu'ai left his post without leave, and the enemy troops came out through the fallen wall and took the mound and cut it off with a trench, and piled fire and ringed it with shields and held it fast. The emperor was angry and beheaded Fu'ai, and ordered the generals to attack it, but for three days they could not win it.

By edict the army was brought back, and the people of the two provinces of Liaozhou and Gaizhou were taken along with it. As the troops passed under the fortress, those within held their breath and lowered their banners, and the chief went up on the wall and bowed twice. The emperor praised his holding of the place and gave him a hundred bolts of silk. There were still a hundred thousand bushels of grain at Liaozhou, and the soldiers could not take it all. The emperor came to the water of Balchak and was stopped by mire, and for eighty li carts and horsemen could not pass. Zhangsun Wuji, Yang Shidao and the others led ten thousand men to cut wood and build a road, and joined the carts to make a bridge, and the emperor carried brushwood on his horse and helped in the work. In the tenth month the troops all crossed over, and the snow was heavy, and by edict torches were set in a line to wait for the crossing. When they set out there had been a hundred thousand soldiers and ten thousand horses; by the time they came back the dead were barely more than a thousand, but eight horses in ten had died. Of the seventy thousand of the fleet the dead were also some hundreds. By edict the bones of those who had died in battle were gathered and buried at Liucheng, and offering was made with the full sacrifice, and the emperor came and wept, and the ministers who followed all shed tears. The emperor led his flying horsemen in through the Linyu Pass, and the crown prince met him on the left of the road. At the first, when the emperor parted from the crown prince, he had worn a brown robe and said, "I will change it when I see you again." The robe went two seasons without being changed, until it was worn into holes. The officials asked him to change his clothes, and the emperor said, "The soldiers' clothes are all worn out. Shall I put on new clothes?" Now at last the crown prince brought clean clothes and he put them on. The fourteen thousand people who had surrendered in Liaodong were to be taken as slaves, and had been gathered beforehand at Youzhou to be shared out among the soldiers. The emperor pitied the parting of father from son and husband from wife, and by edict he had the officials redeem them with cloth and silk and set them free as commoners, and they stood in rows and bowed and danced for joy and did not stop for three days. Yeonsu, after he surrendered, died of grief, and only Hyejin came to Chang'an.

In the spring of the next year Jang sent an envoy to offer the products of the land and to beg pardon for his fault, and he presented two beautiful women. The emperor by order sent them back, and said to the envoy, "Beauty is a thing men hold dear, but I pity them for leaving their kinsfolk and hurting their hearts, and I will not take them." At the first, when the army came back, the emperor had given a bow and clothing to Gaesomun, and he took them but sent no envoy to give thanks, and so an edict was sent down cutting off and casting away his tribute.

In the third month of the year after that, by edict Niu Jinda, Grand General of the Left Militant Guard, was made Grand Commander of the Marching Army of the Cheonggu Road, with Li Hai'an, General of the Right Militant Guard, as his second, and they crossed the sea from Laizhou; and Li Ji was made Grand Commander of the Marching Army of the Liaodong Road, with Sun Erlang, General of the Right Militant Guard, and Zheng Rentai, Grand General of the Right Encampment Guard, as his seconds, and they led the troops of the Area Commander of Yingzhou and went forward by the Sinseong Road. They came to Namso and Mokjeo, and the enemy troops fought and did not win, and their outer walls were burned. In the seventh month Jinda and the others took the fortress of Seokseong, and went on to attack the fortress of Jeongni, and cut off several thousand heads, and then they all came back. Jang sent his son Go Immu, the mangniji, to court, and begged pardon at the same time.

In the twenty-second year, by edict Xue Wanche, Grand General of the Right Militant Guard, was made Grand Commander of the Marching Army of the Cheonggu Road, with Pei Xingfang, General of the Right Guard, as his second, and they went in by the sea road. Gu Shengan, a general under him, fought the enemy at Mount Gal, and the enemy were broken; and the enemy took the darkness and attacked the Tang ships, but troops in ambush broke them. Wanche crossed the Amnok and came to the fortress of Bakjak, and camped forty li away. The enemy were afraid and all left their towns and villages and went off. Sobuson, a great chief, stood and fought, and Wanche struck him down and beheaded him, and then surrounded the fortress and broke the thirty thousand men who came to its help, and came back. The emperor took counsel with Zhangsun Wuji and said, "Goryeo has been worn down by the going in of our army. Its households are fewer, and its fields are not reaped year by year, and Gaesomun builds walls and raises the battlements higher, while those below are hungry and lie down to die in the ditches and hollows, and they cannot bear the ruin. Next year, with three hundred thousand men, and you as Grand Commander, it can be destroyed at one stroke." So by edict great ships were built in Jiannan, and the people of Shu sent goods to Jiangnan and reckoned their worth and had boats made, and each boat took twelve hundred bolts of fine silk. Ba and Shu were in great turmoil, and the Lao of the three provinces of Qiongzhou, Meizhou and Yazhou all rebelled, and twenty thousand troops of Longxi and the gorges were sent out and put them down. At the first, when the emperor resolved to take the enemy, he had by edict ordered Sun Fujia, Prefect of Shanzhou, and Li Daoyu, Prefect of Laizhou, to store grain and gear at the harbour of Sanshan and the island of Wuhu, and had ordered the Area Commander of Yuezhou to build great ships and twin boats and wait. It happened that the emperor died, and so all of it was given up. Jang sent an envoy to offer his condolence.

In the fifth year of Yonghui Jang attacked the Khitan with Malgal troops and fought at Sinseong. There was a great wind and the arrows all blew back, and the Khitan took the chance, and he was greatly beaten. The Khitan set fire to the fields and fought again, and the dead lay one upon another, and the bodies were piled into a mound. He sent an envoy to report a victory, and Gaozong had the notice of it (露布) posted at court. In the sixth year Silla complained that Goryeo and the Malgal had taken thirty-six of its fortresses, and begged the Son of Heaven in pity to save it. By edict Cheng Mingzhen, Area Commander of Yingzhou, and Su Dingfang, General of the Palace Gentlemen of the Left Guard, led an army and struck them. They came to Sinseong and beat the Goryeo troops and burned the outer wall and the villages, and led the army back. In the third year of Xianqing Mingzhen was sent again with Xue Rengui to attack them, but they could not overcome them. Two years later, when the Son of Heaven had already brought Baekje to peace, he sent Qibi Heli, Grand General of the Left Valiant Guard, Su Dingfang, Grand General of the Right Militant Guard, and Liu Boying, General of the Left Valiant Guard, with the other generals, to go out by the roads of the Paegang, Liaodong and Pyeongyang and strike them. In the first year of Longshuo troops were raised in great numbers and the generals were appointed, and the Son of Heaven wished to go himself. Li Junqiu, Prefect of Weizhou, spoke up, saying, "Goryeo is a paltry little foe. Why should China be emptied to deal with it? Suppose Goryeo is destroyed; troops must then be sent to hold it, and if few are sent our majesty is not felt, and if many are sent the people are not at rest, and the empire will be worn out with carrying the garrisons. Your servant would say that to campaign against it is not so good as not to campaign, and to destroy it is not so good as not to destroy it." It happened also that Empress Wu pressed him hard to stay, and so the emperor gave it up. In the eighth month Dingfang broke the enemy troops at the Paegang and took Mount Maeup, and then he surrounded Pyeongyang. The next year Pang Xiaotai made his camp at the Sasu with the troops of Lingnan, and Gaesomun attacked him, and the whole army perished; and Dingfang too raised the siege and went home.

In the first year of Qianfeng Jang sent his son Nambok to follow the Son of Heaven in the rite on Mount Tai. When he came back Gaesomun died, and his son Namsaeng took his place as mangniji, and he and his younger brothers Namgeon and Namsan bore ill will to one another. Namsaeng held Gungnaeseong and sent his son Heonseong to court to seek help, and Jeongto, Gaesomun's younger brother, also asked to cut off land and surrender. Thereupon by edict Qibi Heli was made Grand Commissioner for Pacification of the Liaodong Road, and Pang Tongshan, General of the Left Imperial Insignia Guard, and Gao Kan, Area Commander of Yingzhou, were made Commanders of the Marching Army, and Xue Rengui, General of the Left Militant Guard, and Li Jinxing, General of the Left Palace Gate Guard, went behind them as the rear. In the ninth month Tongshan broke the troops of Goryeo, and Namsaeng led his army and came and joined him. By edict Namsaeng was appointed Specially Advanced, Great Area Commander of Liaodong and Grand Commissioner for Pacification of the Pyeongyang Road, and was enfeoffed as Duke of the Commandery of Xuantu. Li Ji too was made Grand Commander of the Marching Army of the Liaodong Road and Grand Commissioner for Pacification, to join his strength with Qibi Heli and Pang Tongshan. By edict Dugu Qingyun went by the Amnok Road, Guo Daifeng by the Jeongni Road, Liu Renyuan by the Pillyeol Road and Kim Daemun by the Haegok Road, and all were made Commanders of the Marching Army under Li Ji's command, and the grain in the storehouses of Yan and Zhao was carried to Liaodong. In the first month of the next year Li Ji led the way and came to Sinseong, and gathered the generals and made a plan, saying, "Sinseong is the western border of the enemy. If it is not taken first, the other fortresses will not easily fall." So he built his wall on the mountain to the south-west and came up against the fortress, and the people of the fortress bound the chief of the garrison and came out and surrendered. Li Ji went on and took sixteen fortresses. Guo Daifeng crossed the sea with a fleet and made for Pyeongyang. In the second month of the third year Li Ji led Xue Rengui and took the fortress of Buyeo, and thirty other fortresses all gave in their submission.

Tongshan and Gao Kan held Sinseong, and Namgeon sent troops to attack them. Rengui went to save Kan and fought at Mount Geum and did not win. Goryeo beat their drums and came on, and their edge was very sharp. Rengui struck them from the flank and broke them utterly and cut off fifty thousand heads, and he took the three fortresses of Namso, Mokjeo and Changam, and led his troops to take the land and joined Li Ji. Jia Yanzhong, Attendant Censor, came back from looking into affairs, and the emperor asked him how it was with the army. He answered, "We shall surely overcome. In the past, when the late emperor called that crime to account and did not have his will, it was because the enemy had no crack in them. The saying is, 'An army with no guide turns back midway.' Now the brothers of Namsaeng quarrel at home and are our guides, and we know the whole truth and falsehood of the enemy, and the generals are loyal and the soldiers strong. That is why your servant says we shall surely overcome. Moreover the secret record (祕記) of Goryeo says, 'Before nine hundred years are gone, a great general of eighty will destroy it.' The house of Go has held the country since Han, and now it is nine hundred years, and Li Ji is eighty years old. The enemy have had famine year upon year, and men are seized and sold, and the earth quakes and splits, and wolves and foxes go into the fortresses, and moles dig holes at the gates, and the hearts of the people are in dread. This campaign will not have to be raised a second time."

Namgeon attacked Buyeo with fifty thousand troops, and Li Ji broke them on the water of Salha and cut off five thousand heads and took thirty thousand captive, with gear and oxen and horses to match. He went on and took the fortress of Daehaeng. Liu Renyuan was to meet Li Ji and came later than the set time, and he was called back to be put to death, but was pardoned and banished to Yaozhou. Qibi Heli joined Li Ji's army at the Amnok and took the fortress of Yogi, and with his whole army he surrounded Pyeongyang. In the ninth month Jang sent Namsan with a hundred chiefs to raise the white banner and surrender, and to ask to come to court as well, and Li Ji received them with courtesy. But Namgeon still held out, and came out to fight and was beaten again and again. Sinseong, a great general who was a Buddhist monk, sent a spy to promise help from within. Five days later the gates were opened, and the soldiers shouted and went in and set fire to the gates, and the flames rose thick on every side. Namgeon in his straits stabbed himself and did not die. Jang and Namgeon and the others were taken, and there were gathered in all five bu, a hundred and seventy-six fortresses and six hundred and ninety thousand households. By edict Li Ji presented the captives at Zhaoling on his way, and came back in triumph. In the twelfth month the emperor sat in the Hanyuan Hall and received Li Ji and the others and counted the captives in the courtyard. Because Jang had all along been under compulsion he was pardoned and made Chief Minister of the Board of Works, and Namsan was made Vice Chamberlain of the Court of the Imperial Table; Namgeon was cast away to Qianzhou, and Buyeo Yung, king of Baekje, beyond the Ling. Heonseong was made Chamberlain of the Guard, the monk Sinseong Grand Master of Silver and Blue Brilliance, Namsaeng Grand General of the Right Guard, and Heli acting Grand General of the Left Guard, and Li Ji was given the Grand Preceptorship of the Crown Prince as well, and Rengui was made Grand General of the Awesome Guard. Their land was divided into nine Area Commands, forty-two provinces and a hundred counties, and the protectorate of Andong was set up again, and the chiefs who had merit were raised and given the posts of Area Commander, Prefect and Magistrate, and governed together with the Chinese officials. Rengui became protector-general and held the place with his troops. At the suburban sacrifice of that year the peace of Goryeo was reported, and thanks were given to Heaven for the work accomplished.

In the second year of Zongzhang thirty thousand people of Goryeo were moved to the Jiang-Huai region and to Shannan. Geommojam, a great chief, led a host and rebelled, and set up Ansun, Jang's grandson by a daughter, as their lord. By edict Gao Kan of the Dongzhou Road and Li Jinxing of the Yanshan Road were both made Commanders of the Marching Army and struck them, and Yang Fang, Chief Minister of the Board of Works, was sent to soothe and gather in those who had fled. Ansun killed Geommojam and fled to Silla. Kan moved the seat of the protectorate to the province of Liaodong, and broke the rebel troops at Ansi, and beat them again at Mount Cheon, and took two thousand Silla troops who had come to help them. Li Jinxing broke them at the Ballo River, and fought again, and those taken and beheaded were counted by the ten thousand. Thereupon the broken remnant at Pyeongyang could not make an army, and they led one another away to Silla, and it was four years in all before the land was at peace. At the first, Jinxing had left his wife Liu to guard the fortress of Beollo, and when the enemy attacked it Liu put on armour and led the troops and held it, and the enemy drew off. The emperor praised her and enfeoffed her as Lady of the Commandery of Yan.

In the second year of Yifeng Jang was given the post of Area Commander of Liaodong and was enfeoffed as Prince of the Commandery of Joseon, and he was sent back to Liaodong to settle the people who were left, and those who had earlier been registered in the inner provinces were all sent with him, and the protectorate of Andong was moved to Sinseong. Jang plotted rebellion with the Malgal, and before he could raise it he was called back and banished to Qiongzhou, and his people were scattered among Henan and Longyou, and only the weak and the poor were left at Andong. Jang died in the first years of Yongchun. He was given the posthumous rank of Chamberlain for the Palace Garrison, and was buried on the left of Xieli's tomb, and a stone was set up on the path to his grave. The old fortresses fell one by one to Silla, and the people who were left scattered and fled to the Tujue and the Malgal, and with this the line of the rulers of the house of Go was ended. In the Chuigong years Jang's grandson Bowon was made Prince of the Commandery of Joseon. In the first years of Shengli he was raised to Grand General of the Left Soaring Hawk Guard and enfeoffed anew as King of the State of Chungseong, and was to govern the old bu of Andong, but he did not go. The next year Jang's son Deongmu was made Area Commander of Andong, and afterwards he little by little made a country of his own. By the end of Yuanhe, they say, he sent an envoy to present musicians.