Sacrifices祭祀
1The system of the royal ancestral shrine in Silla
按新羅宗廟之制，第二代南解王三年，春，始立始祖赫居世廟，四時祭之，以親妹阿老主祭，第二十二代智證王，於始祖誕降之地奈乙，創立神宮以享之，至第三十六代惠恭王，始定五廟，以味鄒王爲金姓始祖，以太宗大王文武大王平百濟高句麗有大功德，並爲世世不毁之宗，兼親廟二爲五廟，至第三十七代宣德王，立社稷壇，又見於祀典，皆[祭]境內山川，而不及天地者，蓋以王制曰，天子七廟，諸侯五廟，二昭二穆與太祖之廟而五，又曰，天子祭天地天下名山大川，諸侯祭社稷名山大川之在其地者，是故不敢越禮而行之者歟，然其壇堂之高下，壝門之內外，次位之尊卑，陳設登降之節，尊爵籩豆牲牢冊祝之禮，不可得而推也，但粗記其大略云爾
Consider the system of the royal ancestral shrine of Silla. In the spring of the third year of King Namhae, the second king, the shrine of the founder Hyeokgeose was first set up and sacrifice was made to him in the four seasons, and his own sister Aro was made to preside over the sacrifice. Jijeung, the twenty-second king, set up a divine palace at Nael (奈乙), the land where the founder was born and came down, and made offering there.
When it came to Hyegong, the thirty-sixth king, the five shrines were first fixed. King Michu was made the founder of the Kim clan. King Taejong the Great and King Munmu the Great had great merit and virtue in subduing Baekje and Goguryeo, and so they too were made shrines that would not be pulled down for generation after generation. With these were joined the two shrines of the father and the grandfather, and they were made the five shrines.
When it came to Seondeok, the thirty-seventh king, the altar of the state was set up.
Again, all that is seen in the code of sacrifices is sacrifice to the mountains and rivers within the borders, and it does not reach to Heaven and Earth. Is this because the Wang zhi says, "The son of Heaven has seven shrines and the feudal lords have five shrines: two so (昭) and two mok (穆), with the shrine of the grand progenitor, make five," and says again, "The son of Heaven sacrifices to Heaven and Earth and to the famous mountains and great rivers of all under Heaven, and the feudal lords sacrifice to the altars of the state and to the famous mountains and great rivers that lie in their own land," and for this reason they did not dare to overstep the rites and do it?
Yet the height of the altars and the halls, the inside and the outside of the walls and the gates, the high and the low of the order of places, the steps of setting out the offerings and of going up and coming down, and the rites of the wine cups and the vessels and the victims and the written prayers cannot be worked out. Only the rough outline of them is set down here.
2Six sacrifices a year at the five shrines
一年六祭五廟，謂正月二日五日五月五日七月上旬八月一日十五日十二月寅日，新城北門祭八棤，豐年用大牢，凶年用小牢，立春後亥日，明活城南熊殺谷祭先農，立夏後亥日，新城北門祭中農，立秋後亥日，蒜園祭後農，立春後丑日，犬首谷門祭風伯，立夏後申日，卓渚祭雨師，立秋後辰日，本彼遊村祭靈星（檢諸禮典，只祭先農，無中農後農）
In one year sacrifice is made six times at the five shrines: on the second and the fifth day of the first month, on the fifth day of the fifth month, in the first ten days of the seventh month, and on the first and the fifteenth day of the eighth month.
On the tiger day of the twelfth month, sacrifice is made to Palja (八棤) at the north gate of Sinseong. In a year of plenty the great offering is used, and in a year of famine the lesser offering.
On the pig day after the beginning of spring, sacrifice is made to Seonnong (先農) at Ungsalgok, south of Myeonghwalseong. On the pig day after the beginning of summer, sacrifice is made to Jungnong (中農) at the north gate of Sinseong. On the pig day after the beginning of autumn, sacrifice is made to Hunong (後農) at Sanwon.
On the ox day after the beginning of spring, sacrifice is made to Pungbaek (風伯) at the gate of Gyeonsugok. On the monkey day after the beginning of summer, sacrifice is made to Usa (雨師) at Takjeo. On the dragon day after the beginning of autumn, sacrifice is made to Yeongseong (靈星) at Yuchon in Bonpi. (When the books of rites are examined, sacrifice is made to Seonnong only, and there is no Jungnong and no Hunong.)
3Divided into the great, the middle and the small rites
三山五岳已下名山大川，分爲大中小祀
The three mountains and the five peaks, and the famous mountains and great rivers below them, are divided into the great rites (大祀), the middle rites (中祀) and the small rites (小祀).
4The great rites: the three mountains
大祀三山，一奈歷（習比部），二骨火（切也火郡），三穴禮（大城郡）
The great rites are for the three mountains. The first is Naeryeok (奈歷), in Seupbibu. The second is Golhwa (骨火), in Jeoryahwa-gun. The third is Hyeollye (穴禮), in Daeseong-gun.
5The middle rites: the five peaks, the four guardians, the four seas and the four great rivers
中祀五岳，東吐含山（大城郡），南地理山（菁州），西雞龍山（熊川州），北太伯山（奈已郡），中父岳（一云公山，押督郡），四鎭，東溫沫懃（牙谷停），南海耻也里（一云悉帝，推火郡），西加耶岬岳（馬尸山郡），北熊谷岳（比烈忽郡），四海，東阿等邊（一云斤烏兄邊，退火郡），南兄邊（居柒山郡），西未陵邊（屎山郡），北非禮山（悉直郡），四瀆，東吐只河（一云槧浦，退火郡），南黃山河（歃良州），西熊川河（熊川州），北漢山河（漢山州）俗離岳（三年山郡）推心（大加耶郡）上助音居西（西林郡）烏西岳（結已郡）北兄山城（大城郡）淸海鎭（助音島）
The middle rites are for the five peaks. In the east is Tohamsan (吐含山), in Daeseong-gun. In the south is Jirisan (地理山), in Cheongju. In the west is Gyeryongsan (雞龍山), in Ungcheonju. In the north is Taebaeksan (太伯山), in Nai-gun. In the center is Bu-ak (父岳), also called Gongsan, in Apdok-gun.
The four guardians (四鎭) are Onmalgeun (溫沫懃) in the east, in Agokjeong; Haechiyari (海耻也里) in the south, also called Silje, in Chuhwa-gun; Gayagap-ak (加耶岬岳) in the west, in Masisan-gun; and Unggok-ak (熊谷岳) in the north, in Biyeolhol-gun.
The four seas (四海) are Adeungbyeon (阿等邊) in the east, also called Geunohyeongbyeon, in Toehwa-gun; Hyeongbyeon (兄邊) in the south, in Geochilsan-gun; Mireungbyeon (未陵邊) in the west, in Sisan-gun; and Biryesan (非禮山) in the north, in Siljik-gun.
The four great rivers (四瀆) are the Toji River (吐只河) in the east, also called Champo, in Toehwa-gun; the Hwangsan River (黃山河) in the south, in Samnyangju; the Ungcheon River (熊川河) in the west, in Ungcheonju; and the Hansan River (漢山河) in the north, in Hansanju.
Besides these there are Songni-ak (俗離岳), in Samnyeonsan-gun; Chusim (推心), in Daegaya-gun; Sangjoeumgeoseo (上助音居西), in Seorim-gun; Oseo-ak (烏西岳), in Gyeori-gun; Bukhyeongsanseong (北兄山城), in Daeseong-gun; and Cheonghaejin (淸海鎭), on Joeumdo.
6The small rites
小祀，霜岳（高城郡），雪岳（䢘城郡），花岳（斤平郡），鉗岳（七重城），負兒岳（北漢山州），月奈岳（月奈郡），武珍岳（武珍州），西多山（伯海郡難知可縣），月見山（奈吐郡沙熱伊縣），道西城（萬弩郡），冬老岳（進禮郡丹川縣），竹旨（及伐山郡），熊只（屈自郡熊只縣），岳髮（一云髮岳，于珍也郡），于火（生西良郡于火縣），三岐（大城郡），卉黃（牟梁），高墟（沙梁），嘉阿岳（三年山郡），波只谷原岳（阿支縣），非藥岳（退火郡），加林城（加林縣，一本有靈嵒山虞風山，無加林城），加良岳（菁州），西述（牟梁）
The small rites are for Sang-ak (霜岳), in Goseong-gun; Seol-ak (雪岳), in Suseong-gun; Hwa-ak (花岳), in Geunpyeong-gun; Gyeom-ak (鉗岳), at Chiljungseong; Bua-ak (負兒岳), in Bukhansanju; Wolla-ak (月奈岳), in Wolla-gun; Mujin-ak (武珍岳), in Mujinju; Seodasan (西多山), in Nanjiga-hyeon of Baekhae-gun; Wolgyeonsan (月見山), in Sayeori-hyeon of Nato-gun; Doseoseong (道西城), in Manno-gun; Dongno-ak (冬老岳), in Dancheon-hyeon of Jinnye-gun; Jukji (竹旨), in Geupbeolsan-gun; Ungji (熊只), in Ungji-hyeon of Gulja-gun; Akbal (岳髮), also called Balak, in Ujinya-gun; Uhwa (于火), in Uhwa-hyeon of Saengseoryang-gun; Samgi (三岐), in Daeseong-gun; Hwihwang (卉黃), in Moryang; Goheo (高墟), in Saryang; Gaa-ak (嘉阿岳), in Samnyeonsan-gun; Pajigogwon-ak (波只谷原岳), in Aji-hyeon; Biyak-ak (非藥岳), in Toehwa-gun; Garimseong (加林城), in Garim-hyeon — in one text there are Yeongamsan and Upungsan and there is no Garimseong; Garyang-ak (加良岳), in Cheongju; and Seosul (西述), in Moryang.
7The other sacrifices
四城門祭，一大井門，二吐山良門，三習比門，四王后梯門，部庭祭，梁部四川上祭，一犬首，二文熱林，三靑淵，四樸樹，文熱林行日月祭，靈廟寺南行五星祭，惠樹行祈雨祭，四大道祭，東古里，南簷幷樹，西渚樹，北活倂岐，壓丘祭辟氣祭，上件或因別制，或因水旱而行之者也
The sacrifice at the four city gates (四城門) is at the first the Daejeong gate, at the second the Tosallyang gate, at the third the Seupbi gate, at the fourth the Wanghuje gate. The bujeong sacrifice (部庭) is held in Yangbu.
The sacrifice at the four riversides (四川上) is at the first Gyeonsu, at the second Munyeollim, at the third Cheongyeon, at the fourth Baksu.
At Munyeollim the sacrifice to the sun and the moon is performed. South of Yeongmyosa the sacrifice to the five planets (五星) is performed. At Hyesu the sacrifice that prays for rain is performed.
The sacrifice at the four great roads (四大道) is held at Gori in the east, at Cheombyeongsu in the south, at Jeosu in the west, and at Hwalbyeonggi in the north.
There are the apgu sacrifice (壓丘祭) and the byeokgi sacrifice (辟氣祭). The things above were performed, some of them by a rule fixed apart, and some of them because of flood or drought.
8The sacrifices of Goguryeo and Baekje
高句麗百濟祀禮不明，但考古記及中國史書所載者，以記云爾
The rites of sacrifice of Goguryeo and Baekje are not clear. Only what is carried in the Gogi and in the histories of China has been looked into and set down here.
9The sacrifices of Goguryeo as told in the Hou Han shu
後漢書云，高句麗好祀鬼神社稷零星，以十月祭天大會，名曰東盟，其國東有大穴，號襚[隧]神，亦以十月迎而祭之
The Hou Han shu says, "Goguryeo loves to sacrifice to ghosts and spirits and to the altars of the state and to Yeongseong. In the tenth month they sacrifice to Heaven and gather in a great assembly, and it is named Dongmaeng (東盟). In the east of that country there is a great cave called Susin (隧神), and in the tenth month too they welcome it out and sacrifice to it."
10The divine shrines of Goguryeo as told in the Bei shi
北史云，高句麗常以十月祭天，多淫祠，有神廟二所，一曰夫餘神，刻木作婦人像，二曰高登神，云是始祖夫餘神之子，竝置官司，遣人守護，蓋河伯女朱蒙云
The Bei shi says, "Goguryeo always sacrifices to Heaven in the tenth month, and there are many licentious shrines. There are two divine shrines. The one is called Buyeosin (夫餘神), and wood is carved to make the likeness of a woman. The other is called Godeungsin (高登神), and they say that this is the founder and the son of Buyeosin. For both of them offices are set up and men are sent to guard them. They are perhaps the daughter of Habaek and Jumong."
11The sacrifices of Goguryeo as told in the Liang shu
梁書云，高句麗於所居之左，立大屋祭鬼神，冬祠零星社稷
The Liang shu says, "Goguryeo sets up a great house to the left of the place where they live and sacrifices there to ghosts and spirits, and in winter they sacrifice to Yeongseong and to the altars of the state."
12The sacrifices of Goguryeo as told in the Tang shu and the Gogi
唐書云，高句麗俗多淫祠，祀靈星及日箕子可汗等神，國左有大穴曰神隧，每十月王皆自祭，古記云，東明王十四年，秋八月，王母柳花薨於東扶餘，其王金蛙以太后禮葬之，遂立神廟，太祖王六十九年，冬十月，幸扶餘祀太后廟，新大王四年，秋九月，如卒本祀始祖廟，故國川王元年，秋九月，東川王二年，春二月，中川王十三年，秋九月，故國原王二年，春二月，安臧王三年，夏四月，平原王二年，春二月，建武王二年，春四月，並如上行，故國壤王九年，春三月，立國社，又云，高句麗常以三月三日，會獵樂浪之丘，獲猪鹿，祭天及山川
The Tang shu says, "In the customs of Goguryeo there are many licentious shrines, and they sacrifice to Yeongseong and to the sun and to Gija and to Gahan and other such gods. To the left of the country there is a great cave called Sinsu (神隧), and in every tenth month the king sacrifices there himself."
The Gogi says, "In autumn, the eighth month of the fourteenth year of King Dongmyeong, the king's mother Yuhwa died in Eastern Buyeo, and Geumwa, the king there, buried her with the rites of a queen dowager and then set up a divine shrine."
In winter, the tenth month of the sixty-ninth year of King Taejo, he went to Buyeo and sacrificed at the shrine of the queen dowager. In autumn, the ninth month of the fourth year of King Sindae, he went to Jolbon and sacrificed at the shrine of the founder. In autumn, the ninth month of the first year of King Gogukcheon, in spring, the second month of the second year of King Dongcheon, in autumn, the ninth month of the thirteenth year of King Jungcheon, in spring, the second month of the second year of King Gogugwon, in summer, the fourth month of the third year of King Anjang, in spring, the second month of the second year of King Pyeongwon, and in spring, the fourth month of the second year of King Geonmu, the same was done. In spring, the third month of the ninth year of King Gogugyang, the altars of the state were set up.
It says again, "Goguryeo always gathers on the third day of the third month to hunt on the hill of Nangnang, and they take pigs and deer and sacrifice to Heaven and to the mountains and rivers."
13The sacrifices of Baekje
冊府元龜云，百濟每以四仲之月，王祭天及五帝之神，立其始祖仇台廟於國城，歲四祠之（按海東古記，或云始祖東明，或云始祖優台北史及隋書皆云，東明之後有仇台，立國於帶方，此云始祖仇台，然東明爲始祖，事迹明白，其餘不可信也），古記云，溫祚王二十年，春二月，設壇祠天地，三十八年，冬十月，多婁王二年，春二月，古尒王五年，春正月十年，春正月十四年，春正月，近肖古王二年，春正月，阿莘王二年，春正月，腆支王二年，春正月，牟大王十一年，冬十月，並如上行，多婁王二年，春正月，謁始祖東明廟，責稽王二年，春正月，汾西王二年，春正月，契王二年，夏四月，阿莘王二年，春正月，腆支王二年，春正月，並如上行
The Cefu yuangui says, "In Baekje the king always sacrifices to Heaven and to the gods of the five emperors in the middle month of each of the four seasons, and the shrine of their founder Gutae (仇台) is set up in the capital city and sacrificed to four times a year."
(Consider the Haedong gogi. In one place it says the founder was Dongmyeong, and in another that the founder was Utae. The Bei shi and the Sui shu both say that among the descendants of Dongmyeong there was Gutae, who set up a country in Daebang. Here it says that the founder was Gutae. Yet that Dongmyeong was the founder is clear and plain in the record, and the rest cannot be believed.)
The Gogi says, "In spring, the second month of the twentieth year of King Onjo, an altar was set out and sacrifice was made to Heaven and Earth." In winter, the tenth month of the thirty-eighth year, in spring, the second month of the second year of King Daru, in spring, the first month of the fifth year of King Goi and in spring, the first month of the tenth year and in spring, the first month of the fourteenth year, in spring, the first month of the second year of King Geunchogo, in spring, the first month of the second year of King Asin, in spring, the first month of the second year of King Jeonji, and in winter, the tenth month of the eleventh year of King Modae, the same was done.
In spring, the first month of the second year of King Daru, he paid his respects at the shrine of the founder Dongmyeong. In spring, the first month of the second year of King Chaekgye, in spring, the first month of the second year of King Bunseo, in summer, the fourth month of the second year of King Gye, in spring, the first month of the second year of King Asin, and in spring, the first month of the second year of King Jeonji, the same was done.