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Beyond the Seas: West海外西經

Shanhaijing (The Classic of Mountains and Seas) 山海經 · Unknown · commentary by Guo Pu · Warring States to Western Han (commentary, 4th century) · 23 passages · 616 Chinese characters · reading time 2.5 min

Shanhaijing (The Classic of Mountains and Seas) Classic of the Seas — Beyond the West The oldest geography of the lands beyond the mountains and outside the seas, and a storehouse of myth. No single hand made it: it took shape from the Warring States down to the Han through many hands, and in the fourth century Guo Pu set his commentary to it. The nine-tailed fox, the jingwei bird, Kuafu, Xingtian and Xiwangmu all come from here. "Within the Eastern Sea, in a corner of the Northern Sea, there is a land named Joseon" — one of the earliest records in which the name Joseon survives stands in this book.

海外自西南陬至西北陬者。

These are the lands beyond the seas, from the southwest corner to the northwest corner.

滅蒙鳥在結匈國北,為鳥青,赤尾。

The miemeng bird lies north of the land of Jiexiong. The bird is green, with a red tail.

大運山高三百仞,在滅蒙鳥北。

Mount Dayun is three hundred fathoms high, and lies north of the miemeng bird.

大樂之野,夏后啟于此儛九代;乘兩龍,雲蓋三層。左手操翳,右手操環,佩玉璜。在大運山北。一曰大遺之野。

These are the wilds of Dale. Here Qi, the lord of Xia, danced the Jiudai. He rode two dragons, and the canopy of cloud was three layers deep. In his left hand he held a feather canopy, in his right a ring, and at his waist he wore a jade huang. It lies north of Mount Dayun. One account calls it the wilds of Dayi.

三身國在夏后啟北,一首而三身。

The land of Sanshen lies north of Qi, the lord of Xia. They have one head and three bodies.

一臂國在其北,一臂、一目、一鼻孔。有黃馬虎文,一目而一手。

The land of Yibi lies to its north. They have one arm, one eye and one nostril. There is a yellow horse there with tiger markings, one eye and one hand.

奇肱之國在其北,其人一臂三目,有陰有陽,乘文馬。有鳥焉,兩頭,赤黃色,在其旁。

The land of Qigong lies to its north. Its people have one arm and three eyes, with a yin side and a yang side, and they ride patterned horses. There is a bird here with two heads, red and yellow in color, and it stays at their side.

刑天與帝爭神,帝斷其首,葬之常羊之山,乃以乳為目,以臍為口,操干戚以舞。

Xingtian contended with the High God for the place of a god, and the High God cut off his head and buried it on Mount Changyang. Then he made his nipples his eyes and his navel his mouth, and took up shield and axe and danced.

女祭、女戚在其北,居兩水閒,戚操魚觛,祭操俎。

Nüji and Nüqi lie to their north, dwelling between two waters. Qi holds a fish-shaped cup, and Ji holds a sacrificial stand.

䳐鳥、𪆻鳥,其色青黃,所經國亡。在女祭北。䳐鳥人面,居山上。一曰維鳥,青鳥、黃鳥所集。

The zha bird and the zhan bird are green and yellow in color, and the country they pass over perishes. They lie north of Nüji. The zha bird has a human face and lives on a mountain. One account calls them the wei birds, where the green bird and the yellow bird gather.

丈夫國在維鳥北,其為人衣冠帶劍。

The land of Zhangfu lies north of the wei birds. Its people wear robes and caps and gird on swords.

女丑之屍,生而十日炙殺之。在丈夫北。以右手鄣其面。十日居上,女丑居山之上。

This is the corpse of Nüchou. While she lived, the ten suns scorched her to death. It lies north of Zhangfu. With her right hand she screens her face. The ten suns are above, and Nüchou is on the mountain.

巫咸國在女丑北,右手操青蛇,左手操赤蛇。在登葆山,群巫所從上下也。

The land of Wuxian lies north of Nüchou. In the right hand they hold a green snake, in the left a red snake. It is on Mount Dengbao, where the company of shamans go up and come down.

并封在巫咸東,其狀如彘,前後皆有首,黑。

Bingfeng lies east of Wuxian. It is shaped like a pig, with a head at the front and at the back, and it is black.

女子國在巫咸北,兩女子居,水周之。一曰居一門中。

The land of women lies north of Wuxian. Two women dwell there, and water runs all around them. One account says they dwell within one gate.

軒轅之國在之際,其不壽者八百歲。在女子國北。人面蛇身,尾交首上。

The land of Xuanyuan lies on its border. Even those there who do not live long live eight hundred years. It lies north of the land of women. They have the face of a man and the body of a snake, with the tail coiled over the head.

窮山在其北,不敢西射,畏軒轅之丘。在軒轅國北。其丘方,四蛇相繞。

Mount Qiong lies to its north. No one there dares to shoot westward, for fear of the mound of Xuanyuan. It lies north of the land of Xuanyuan. That mound is four-square, and four snakes coil about it.

諸夭之野,鸞鳥自歌,鳳鳥自舞;鳳皇卵,民食之;甘露,民飲之,所欲自從也。百獸相與群居。在四蛇北。其人兩手操卵食之,兩鳥居前導之。

These are the wilds of Zhuyao. The luan bird sings of itself and the phoenix dances of itself. The people eat the eggs of the phoenix and drink the sweet dew, and what they desire follows of itself. All the beasts dwell together there in herds. It lies north of the four snakes. Its people hold eggs in both hands and eat them, and two birds go before them to lead the way.

龍魚陵居在其北,狀如狸。一曰鰕。即有神聖乘此以行九野。一曰鼈魚在夭野北,其為魚也如鯉。

The dragon fish dwells on dry land to its north. It is shaped like a wildcat. One account says it is a shrimp. It is this that the divine sages ride to travel the nine wilds. One account says the bie fish lies north of the wilds of Yao, and that this fish is like a carp.

白民之國在龍魚北,白身披髮。有乘黃,其狀如狐,其背上有角,乘之壽二千歲。

The land of Baimin lies north of the dragon fish. Their bodies are white and their hair hangs loose. There is the chenghuang, shaped like a fox with horns on its back. One who rides it lives two thousand years.

肅慎之國在白民北,有樹名曰雒棠,聖人代立,于此取衣。

The land of Sushen lies north of Baimin. There is a tree there called luotang, and when a sage succeeds to the throne, clothing is taken from it here.

Interlinear notes 1

一作:先入伐帝,于此取之

Some copies read: they first go in and strike the High God, and take it here.

長股之國在雒棠北,被髮。一曰長腳。

The land of Changgu lies north of the luotang. Their hair hangs loose. One account calls it Changjiao.

西方蓐收,左耳有蛇,乘兩龍。

Rushou of the west has a snake at his left ear, and he rides two dragons.