Yetgeul › Shanhaijing (The Classic of Mountains and Seas) › Classic of the Seas — Within the West

Within the Seas: West海內西經

Shanhaijing (The Classic of Mountains and Seas) 山海經 · Unknown · commentary by Guo Pu · Warring States to Western Han (commentary, 4th century) · 24 passages · 728 Chinese characters · reading time 2.9 min

Shanhaijing (The Classic of Mountains and Seas) Classic of the Seas — Within the West The oldest geography of the lands beyond the mountains and outside the seas, and a storehouse of myth. No single hand made it: it took shape from the Warring States down to the Han through many hands, and in the fourth century Guo Pu set his commentary to it. The nine-tailed fox, the jingwei bird, Kuafu, Xingtian and Xiwangmu all come from here. "Within the Eastern Sea, in a corner of the Northern Sea, there is a land named Joseon" — one of the earliest records in which the name Joseon survives stands in this book.

海內西南陬以北者。

These are the things from the southwestern corner within the seas northward.

貳負之臣曰危,危與貳負殺窫窳。帝乃梏之疏屬之山,桎其右足,反縛兩手與髮,繫之山上木。在開題西北。

A vassal of Erfu was called Wei, and Wei joined Erfu in killing Yayu. The High God then bound him on Mount Shushu. He put a fetter on his right foot and tied his two hands behind him together with his hair, and he fastened him to a tree on the mountain. It lies northwest of Kaiti.

大澤方百里,群鳥所生及所解。在鴈門北。

There is a great marsh a hundred li square. It is where the many birds are born and where they moult. It lies north of Yanmen.

鴈門山,鴈出其閒。在高柳北。

This is Mount Yanmen. Wild geese come out between its peaks. It lies north of Gaoliu.

高柳在代北。

Gaoliu lies north of Dai.

后稷之葬,山水環之。在氐國西。

This is the burial place of Houji. Mountains and waters ring it. It lies west of the land of Di.

流黃酆氏之國,中方三百里。有塗四方,中有山。在后稷葬西。

This is the land of Liuhuang of the Feng clan, and within it is three hundred li square. Roads run out to all four sides, and there is a mountain in the middle. It lies west of the burial place of Houji.

流沙出鍾山,西行又南行昆侖之虛,西南入海黑水之山。

The Liusha rises from Mount Zhong. It runs west and then runs south past Kunlunxu, and to the southwest it enters the sea and the mountain of the Black River.

國在流沙中者埻端、璽蓉,在昆侖虛東南。一曰海內之郡,不為郡縣,在流沙中。

The lands that lie within the Liusha are Zhunduan and Xirong, and they lie southeast of Kunlunxu. One account says they are districts within the seas that were never made into commanderies and counties, and that they lie within the Liusha.

Interlinear notes 1

一作:東胡在大澤東。夷人在東胡東。

Some texts write, "Donghu lies east of the great marsh. The Yi people lie east of Donghu."

國在流沙外者,大夏、豎沙、居繇、月支之國。

The lands that lie beyond the Liusha are Daxia, Shusha, Juyao, and the land of Yuezhi.

Interlinear notes 1

一作:貊國在漢水東北。地近于燕,滅之。

Some texts write, "The land of Maek lies northeast of the Han River. Its land was near to Yan, and Yan destroyed it."

西胡白玉山在大夏東,蒼梧在白玉山西南,皆在流沙西,昆侖虛東南。昆侖山在西胡西,皆在西北。

Mount Baiyu of the Western Hu lies east of Daxia, and Cangwu lies southwest of Mount Baiyu. All of them lie west of the Liusha and southeast of Kunlunxu. Mount Kunlun lies west of the Western Hu, and all of them lie in the northwest.

Interlinear notes 1

一作:孟鳥在貊國東北,其鳥文赤、黃、青,東鄉。

Some texts write, "The mengniao lies northeast of the land of Maek. That bird is marked with red, yellow, and green, and it faces east."

海內昆侖之虛,在西北,帝之下都。昆侖之虛,方八百里,高萬仞。上有木禾,長五尋,大五圍。面有九井,以玉為檻。面有九門,門有開明獸守之,百神之所在。在八隅之巖,赤水之際,非仁羿莫能上岡之巖。

Kunlunxu within the seas lies in the northwest, and it is the lower capital of the High God. Kunlunxu is eight hundred li square and ten thousand fathoms high. On top there is the muhe grain, five fathoms long and five arm spans around. On each face there are nine wells, with railings made of jade. On each face there are nine gates, and at the gates the kaiming beast keeps guard. It is where the hundred gods dwell. It lies among the rocks of the eight corners, by the banks of the Red River. None but Yi the benevolent can climb the rocks of that ridge.

赤水出東南隅,以行其東北。西南流注南海厭火東。

The Red River comes out of the southeastern corner and runs to the northeast of it. Then it flows southwest and enters the Southern Sea, east of Yanhuo.

河水出東北隅,以行其北,西南又入渤海,又出海外,即西而北,入禹所導積石山。

The Yellow River comes out of the northeastern corner and runs to the north of it. It flows southwest and enters Bohai again, then comes out beyond the sea, goes west and then north, and enters Mount Jishi, where Yu opened the channel.

洋水、黑水出西北隅,以東,東行,又東北,南入海,羽民南。

The Yang River and the Black River come out of the northwestern corner. They go east, run east, then go northeast, and then enter the sea to the south. This is south of Yumin.

弱水、青水出西南隅,以東,又北,又西南,過畢方鳥東。

The Ruo River and the Qing River come out of the southwestern corner. They go east, then north, then southwest, and pass east of the bifang bird.

昆侖南淵深三百仞。開明獸身大類虎而九首,皆人面,東嚮立昆侖上。

The pool south of Kunlun is three hundred fathoms deep. The kaiming beast has a body about the size of a tiger, with nine heads that all have human faces. It stands on top of Kunlun facing east.

開明西有鳳皇、鸞鳥,皆戴蛇踐蛇,膺有赤蛇。

West of Kaiming there are the fenghuang and the luan bird. Both carry snakes on their heads and tread on snakes, and they have red snakes at their breasts.

開明北有視肉、珠樹、文玉樹、玗琪樹、不死樹。鳳皇、鸞鳥皆戴瞂。又有離朱、木禾、柏樹、甘水、聖木曼兌,一曰挺木牙交。

North of Kaiming there are shirou, the pearl tree, the patterned jade tree, the yuqi tree, and the deathless tree. The fenghuang and the luan bird both carry shields on their heads. There are also lizhu, muhe, cypress trees, sweet waters, and the holy tree mandui. One account calls it tingmu yajiao.

開明東有巫彭、巫抵、巫陽、巫履、巫凡、巫相,夾窫窳之尸,皆操不死之藥以距之。窫窳者,蛇身人面,貳負臣所殺也。

East of Kaiming there are Wu Peng, Wu Di, Wu Yang, Wu Lü, Wu Fan, and Wu Xiang, and they flank the corpse of Yayu. They all hold the drug of no death to keep it away. Yayu has the body of a snake and a human face, and he was killed by the vassal of Erfu.

服常樹,其上有三頭人,伺琅玕樹。

There is the fuchang tree, and above it there is a man with three heads who watches over the langgan tree.

開明南有樹鳥,六首;蛟、蝮、蛇、蜼、豹、鳥秩樹,于表池樹木,誦鳥、鶽、視肉。

South of Kaiming there is the shuniao, which has six heads. There are the jiao dragon, the pit viper, the snake, the wei, the leopard, and the niaozhi tree. There are trees standing along the pool, and the songniao, the sparrow hawk, and shirou.

蛇巫之山,上有人操柸而東向立。一曰龜山。

This is Mount Shewu. On top there is a man holding a cup and standing facing east. One account calls it Mount Gui.

西王母梯几而戴勝,其南有三青鳥,為西王母取食。在昆侖虛北。

Xiwangmu leans on an armrest and wears the sheng headdress. South of her there are three green birds that fetch food for Xiwangmu. She lies north of Kunlunxu.