Unrestrained Ways世説新語 任誕第二十三

晉陽秋曰：「于時風譽扇于海內，至于今詠之。」

The Jin yangqiu says, "At that time their fame fanned out over all within the seas, and to this day men sing of it."

晉諸公贊曰：「何曾字穎考，陳郡陽夏人。父夔，魏太僕。曾以高雅稱，加性仁孝，累遷司隸校尉。用心甚正，朝廷師之。仕晉至太宰。」

The Jin zhugong zan says, "He Zeng, styled Yingkao, was a man of Yangxia in Chenjun. His father He Kui was Grand Coachman of Wei. He Zeng was spoken of for his loftiness and refinement, and to this he added a nature kind and filial, and through a succession of offices he came to be Colonel of the Retainers. The set of his mind was most upright, and the court took him for a master. He served Jin and came to be Grand Steward."

干寶晉紀曰：「何曾嘗謂阮籍曰：『卿恣情任性，敗俗之人也。今忠賢執政，綜核名實，若卿之徒，何可長也！』復言之於太祖，籍飲噉不輟。故魏、晉之閒，有被髮夷傲之事，背死忘生之人，反謂行禮者，籍為之也。」魏氏春秋曰：「籍性至孝，居喪雖不率常禮，而毀幾滅性。然為文俗之士何曾等深所讎疾。大將軍司馬昭愛其通偉，而不加害也。」

Gan Bao's Jin ji says, "He Zeng once said to Ruan Ji, 'You give free rein to your feelings and leave all to your nature. You are a man who ruins custom. Now the loyal and worthy hold the government and gather and examine names against realities. How can men of your sort last long?' He said this again to Taizu, but Ruan Ji did not stop drinking and eating. And so between Wei and Jin there were men who let down their hair and were haughty as barbarians, men who turned their backs on death and forgot the living, and they were called instead the ones who kept the rites. It was Ruan Ji who made this." The Weishi chunqiu says, "Ruan Ji was by nature utterly filial. Though in mourning he did not follow the ordinary rites, he wore himself down almost to the destroying of his nature. Yet he was deeply hated as an enemy by the literal and common scholars such as He Zeng. The general-in-chief Sima Zhao loved his breadth and stature and did him no harm."

毛公注曰：「酒病曰酲。」

Master Mao's commentary says, "A sickness from wine is called cheng (酲)."

見竹林七賢論。

It is found in the Zhulin qixian lun.

劉氏譜曰：「昶字公榮，沛國人。」晉陽秋曰：「昶為人通達，仕至兗州刺史。」

The Liushi pu says, "Chang, styled Gongrong, was a man of Pei." The Jin yangqiu says, "Chang as a man was open and penetrating, and in office he came to be Inspector of Yanzhou."

文士傳曰：「籍放誕有傲世情，不樂仕宦。晉文帝親愛籍，恒與談戲，任其所欲，不迫以職事。籍常從容曰：『平生曾遊東平，樂其土風，願得為東平太守。』文帝說，從其意。籍便騎驢徑到郡，皆壞府舍諸壁障，使內外相望，然後教令清寧。十餘日，便復騎驢去。後聞步兵廚中有酒三百石，忻然求為校尉。於是入府舍，與劉伶酣飲。」竹林七賢論又云：「籍與伶共飲步兵廚中，並醉而死。」此好事者為之言。籍景元中卒，而劉伶太始中猶在。

The Wenshi zhuan says, "Ruan Ji was loose and wild and had a heart that looked down on the age, and he took no pleasure in serving in office. Emperor Wen of Jin held him close and dear and always talked and jested with him, leaving him to whatever he wished and not pressing him with the business of office. Ruan Ji would say at his ease, 'In my life I once roamed to Dongping and delighted in the ways of that land. I should like to be made Governor of Dongping.' Emperor Wen was pleased and followed his wish. Ruan Ji then rode a donkey straight to the commandery and tore down all the walls and screens of the government house so that inside and outside looked upon each other, and after that the teaching and the orders grew clear and quiet. In little more than ten days he rode his donkey away again. Later he heard that in the kitchen of the infantry there were three hundred dan of wine, and gladly he sought to be made colonel. Then he went into the government house and drank deep with Liu Ling." The Zhulin qixian lun says further, "Ruan Ji drank with Liu Ling in the kitchen of the infantry, and both were drunk and died." This is the word of men who love a tale. Ruan Ji died in the Jingyuan years, and Liu Ling was still alive in the Taishi years.

鄧粲晉紀曰：「客有詣伶，值其裸袒，伶笑曰：『吾以天地為宅舍，以屋宇為㡓衣，諸君自不當入我㡓中，又何惡乎？』其自任若是。」

Deng Can's Jin ji says, "A guest came to call on Liu Ling and found him stripped bare. Liu Ling laughed and said, 'I take heaven and earth for my house and the roof for my breeches. You gentlemen of yourselves ought not to come inside my breeches. What is there to hate in it?' His trusting to himself was like this."

曲禮：「嫂叔不通問。」故譏之。

The Quli says, "A brother's wife and a husband's younger brother do not exchange greetings." So he was chided.

王隱晉書曰：「籍鄰家處子有才色，未嫁而卒。籍與無親，生不相識，往哭，盡哀而去。其達而無檢，皆此類也。」

Wang Yin's Jin shu says, "The unmarried daughter of Ruan Ji's neighbor had talent and beauty, and she died before she was married. Ruan Ji was not close to her and had not known her while she lived, yet he went and wailed for her, spent all his grief, and left. His penetration without restraint was all of this sort."

鄧粲晉紀曰：「籍母將死，與人圍棋如故，對者求止，籍不肯，留與決賭。既而飲酒三斗，舉聲一號，嘔血數升，廢頓久之。」

Deng Can's Jin ji says, "When Ruan Ji's mother was about to die, he went on playing go with another as before. His opponent asked to stop, but Ruan Ji would not have it and held him there to settle the game. Presently he drank three dou of wine, raised his voice in a single cry, threw up several sheng of blood, and lay broken down a long time."

咸也。

This is Ruan Xian.

竹林七賢論曰：「諸阮前世皆儒學，善居室，唯咸一家尚道棄事，好酒而貧。舊俗：七月七日，法當曬衣，諸阮庭中，爛然錦綺。咸時總角，乃豎長竿，掛犢鼻㡓也。」

The Zhulin qixian lun says, "The Ruans in earlier generations all followed the learning of scholars and kept their households well. Only the one household of Ruan Xian honored the Way and cast off affairs, loved wine and was poor. By the old custom, on the seventh day of the seventh month clothes were by rule to be spread out in the sun, and in the courtyards of the Ruans the brocade and damask were dazzling. Ruan Xian at that time wore his hair in a boy's knot, and he set up a long pole and hung his breeches on it."

籍也。

This is Ruan Ji.

楷也。

This is Pei Kai.

名士傳曰：「阮籍喪親，不率常禮，裴楷往弔之，遇籍方醉，散髮箕踞，旁若無人。楷哭泣盡哀而退，了無異色，其安同異如此。」戴逵論之曰：「若裴公之制弔，欲冥外以護內，有達意也，有弘防也。」

The Mingshi zhuan says, "Ruan Ji was in mourning for a parent and did not follow the ordinary rites. Pei Kai went to condole with him and found him just then drunk, his hair loose and his legs stretched out, as if no one were beside him. Pei Kai wailed and wept and spent all his grief and withdrew, with not the least change of countenance. His ease among the like and the unlike was such as this." Dai Kui discussed it and said, "Such a shaping of condolence as Lord Pei's was a wish to darken the outside in order to guard the inside. There is a reaching to the meaning in it, and there is a wide defense in it."

竹林七賢論曰：「籍之抑渾，蓋以渾未識己之所以為達也。後咸兄子簡，亦以曠達自居。父喪，行遇大雪，寒凍，遂詣浚儀令，令為它賓設黍臛，簡食之，以致清議，廢頓幾三十年。是時竹林諸賢之風雖高，而禮教尚峻，迨元康中，遂至放蕩越禮。樂廣譏之曰：『名教中自有樂地，何至於此？』樂令之言有旨哉！謂彼非玄心，徒利其縱恣而已。」

The Zhulin qixian lun says, "That Ruan Ji held Ruan Hun down was in the main because Ruan Hun did not yet know wherein his own penetration lay. Later Ruan Jian, the son of Ruan Xian's elder brother, also took his stand on breadth and penetration. In mourning for his father he was traveling and met a heavy snow, and being cold and frozen he at last called on the prefect of Junyi. The prefect had set out millet broth for another guest, and Ruan Jian ate of it, and so stirred up the pure judgment of men and lay broken down for nearly thirty years. At that time the wind of the worthies of the bamboo grove was high, yet the teaching of the rites was still stern, and when the Yuankang years came men fell at last into dissipation and the overstepping of rites. Yue Guang chided them and said, 'Within the teaching of names there is of itself a place of joy. Why come to this?' There is a meaning in Director Yue's words. He meant that those men had no dark and distant heart, but only found their own license profitable."

裴氏家傳曰：「頠取戎長女。」

The Peishi jiazhuan says, "Wei took Rong's eldest daughter to wife."

竹林七賢論曰：「咸既追婢，於是世議紛然。自魏末沈淪閭巷，逮晉咸寧中，始登王途。」阮孚別傳曰：「咸與姑書曰：『胡婢遂生胡兒。』姑答書曰：『魯靈光殿賦曰：「胡人遙集於上楹」，可字曰遙集也。』故孚字遙集。」

The Zhulin qixian lun says, "When Ruan Xian had gone after the maid, the talk of the age over it was in an uproar. From the end of Wei he sank down among the lanes, and only when he came to the Xianning years of Jin did he first climb the road of office." The Ruan Fu biezhuan says, "Ruan Xian wrote to his aunt, 'The Hu maid has borne a Hu child.' His aunt answered in writing, 'The Lu Lingguang dian fu says, "The Hu men gather far off on the upper pillar." He may be styled Yaoji.' And so Ruan Fu was styled Yaoji."

晉諸公贊曰：「愷字元裒，樂安博昌人。有雅識國幹，萬機大小多綜之。與賈充不平，充乃啟愷掌吏部，又使有司奏愷用御食器，坐免官，世祖情遂薄焉。」

The Jin zhugong zan says, "Ren Kai, styled Yuanbao, was a man of Bochang in Le'an. He had refined discernment and the ability to run a state, and the ten thousand affairs great and small were mostly gathered into his hands. He was not on good terms with Jia Chong, and Jia Chong then reported that Ren Kai had taken charge of the Ministry of Personnel, and further had the officials report that Ren Kai had used the emperor's own food vessels. For this he was dismissed from office, and Shizu's feeling for him grew thin thereafter."

劉寶已見。

Liu Bao has already appeared.

名士傳曰：「脩性簡任。」

The Mingshi zhuan says, "Xiu was by nature plain and left all to itself."

襄陽記曰：「漢侍中習郁於峴山南，依范蠡養魚法作魚池，池邊有高隄，種竹及長楸，芙蓉蔆芡覆水，是遊燕名處也。山簡每臨此池，未嘗不大醉而還，曰：『此是我高陽池也！』襄陽小兒歌之。」

The Xiangyang ji says, "Xi Yu, Palace Attendant of Han, made a fish pond south of Mount Xian after Fan Li's method of raising fish. On the bank of the pond was a high dike, and he planted bamboo there and tall catalpa, and lotus and water chestnut and prickly waterlily covered the water. It was a famous place for roaming and feasting. Whenever Shan Jian came to this pond he never once failed to go home greatly drunk, and he would say, 'This is my Gaoyang Pool.' The children of Xiangyang made a song of it."

文士傳曰：「翰任性自適，無求當世，時人貴其曠達。」

The Wenshi zhuan says, "Zhang Han left all to his nature and suited himself and sought nothing of the present age, and the men of the time prized his breadth and penetration."

晉中興書曰：「畢卓字茂世，新蔡人。少傲達為胡毋輔之所知。太興末，為吏部郎，嘗飲酒廢職。比舍郎釀酒熟，卓因醉，夜至其｛雝缶｝間取飲之。主者謂是盜，執而縛之，知為吏部也，釋之。卓遂引主人燕｛雝缶｝側，取醉而去。溫嶠素知愛卓，請為平南長史，卒。」

The Jin zhongxing shu says, "Bi Zhuo, styled Maoshi, was a man of Xincai. In his youth he was haughty and penetrating and was known to Humu Fuzhi. At the end of the Taixing years he was Gentleman of the Ministry of Personnel, and he once drank wine and let his duties go. The gentleman next door had wine ripening, and Bi Zhuo, being drunk, went at night among his jars and took some and drank it. The keeper took him for a thief and seized and bound him, and when he learned that this was the Gentleman of the Ministry of Personnel he let him go. Bi Zhuo then drew the master of the house to feast beside the jars, got his fill of drink, and went away. Wen Qiao had long known and loved Bi Zhuo and asked that he be made Chief Clerk to the General Who Pacifies the South, and there he died."

晉陽秋曰：「逖性通濟，不拘小節。又賓從多是桀黠勇士，逖待之皆如子弟。永嘉中，流民以萬數，揚土大饑，賓客攻剽，逖輒擁護全衛，談者以此少之，故久不得調。」

The Jin yangqiu says, "Zu Ti was by nature open and helpful and was not bound by small points. Moreover his guests and followers were mostly fierce, sharp and daring men, and Zu Ti treated them all as his own sons and younger brothers. In the Yongjia years the wandering people were counted in tens of thousands and the land of Yang was in great famine, and his guests attacked and plundered. Zu Ti would then shield and guard them and keep them whole, and those who talked made little of him for it, and so for a long while he got no appointment."

群已見上。

Kong Qun has already appeared above.

鄧粲晉紀曰：「王導與周顗及朝士詣尚書紀瞻觀伎。瞻有愛妾，能為新聲。顗於眾中欲通其妾，露其醜穢，顏無怍色。有司奏免顗官，詔特原之。」

Deng Can's Jin ji says, "Wang Dao, with Zhou Yi and the gentlemen of the court, called on Ji Zhan the imperial secretary to watch the entertainers. Ji Zhan had a favorite concubine who could make new songs. Zhou Yi, in the midst of the crowd, wished to have to do with the concubine, and he laid his foulness bare with no shame in his face. The officials reported that Zhou Yi be dismissed from office, but by edict he was specially pardoned."

中興書曰：「嶠有俊朗之目，而不拘細行。」

The Zhongxing shu says, "Qiao was esteemed as brilliant and clear, but he was not bound by small conduct."

卞壼別傳曰：「壼正色立朝，百寮嚴憚，貴遊子弟，莫不祗肅。」

The Bian Kun biezhuan says, "Bian Kun stood in court with a grave countenance, and all the officials feared him strictly, and among the sons of the noble and idle there was none who was not reverent and sober."

重其達也。

This was to make much of his penetration.

晉陽秋曰：「初，顗以雅望，獲海內盛名，後屢以酒失。庾亮曰：『周侯末年，可謂鳳德之衰也。』」語林曰：「伯仁正有姊喪，三日醉，姑喪，二日醉，大損資望。每醉，諸公常共屯守。」

The Jin yangqiu says, "At first Zhou Yi won a flourishing name within the seas by his refined repute, but later he lost much again and again through wine. Yu Liang said, 'The last years of the Marquis of Zhou may be called the waning of the phoenix's virtue.'" The Yulin says, "Boren happened to be in mourning for his elder sister and was drunk three days, and at his aunt's mourning drunk two days, and he greatly damaged his standing and his repute. Whenever he was drunk the lords would always camp together and keep watch over him."

衛永已見。

Wei Yong has already appeared.

中興書曰：「冰為吳郡，蘇峻作逆，遣軍伐冰，冰棄郡奔會稽。」

The Zhongxing shu says, "Yu Bing was Governor of Wu commandery, and when Su Jun rose in revolt he sent troops to attack Yu Bing. Yu Bing abandoned the commandery and fled to Kuaiji."

殷氏譜曰：「羡字洪喬，陳郡人。父識，鎮東司馬。羡仕至豫章太守。」

The Yinshi pu says, "Xian, styled Hongqiao, was a man of Chenjun. His father Yin Shi was Marshal to the General Who Guards the East. Xian in office came to be Governor of Yuzhang."

王濛別傳曰：「丞相王導辟名士時賢，協贊中興。旌命所加，必延俊乂，辟濛為掾。」

The Wang Meng biezhuan says, "The prime minister Wang Dao summoned famous gentlemen and the worthies of the time to help and uphold the restoration. Wherever his banner and his call were laid he drew in the outstanding without fail, and he summoned Wang Meng and made him his aide."

晉陽秋曰：「尚性通任，善音樂。」語林曰：「謝鎮西酒後，於槃案閒，為洛市肆工鴝鵒舞，甚佳。」

The Jin yangqiu says, "Xie Shang was by nature open and left all to itself, and he was good at music." The Yulin says, "Xie, the General Who Guards the West, after wine, among the trays and the tables, did the myna dance of the craftsmen of the shops of the Luoyang market, and it was very fine."

戎性通任，尚類之。

Wang Rong was by nature open and left all to itself, and Xie Shang was like him.

伊已見。

Huan Yi has already appeared.

尚書，謝裒，尚叔也。已見。宋明帝文章志曰：「尚性輕率，不拘細行。兄葬後，往墓還，王濛、劉惔共遊新亭，濛欲招尚，先以問惔曰：『計仁祖正當不為異同耳。』惔曰：『仁祖韻中自應來。』乃遣要之。尚初辭，然已無歸意。及再請，即回軒焉。其率如此。」

The imperial secretary was Xie Pou, Xie Shang's uncle. He has already appeared. Emperor Ming of Song's Wenzhang zhi says, "Xie Shang was by nature light and quick and was not bound by small conduct. After his elder brother's burial he was on his way back from the tomb. Wang Meng and Liu Tan were roaming together at Xinting, and Wang Meng wished to call Xie Shang over. He first asked Liu Tan, 'I reckon Renzu will simply not make a point of difference.' Liu Tan said, 'By his own tone Renzu ought to come.' So they sent to invite him. Xie Shang at first declined, yet he had already no mind to go home. When they asked a second time he turned his carriage at once. His quickness was like this."

袁氏家傳曰：「耽字彥道，陳郡陽夏人，魏中郎令渙曾孫也。魁梧爽朗，高風振邁，少倜儻不羈，有異才，士人多歸之。仕至司徒從事中郎。」

The Yuanshi jiazhuan says, "Dan, styled Yandao, was a man of Yangxia in Chenjun, the great-grandson of Yuan Huan, Director of the Gentlemen of the Household of Wei. He was big and imposing, bright and clear, and his lofty bearing shook and soared. In his youth he was unconventional and unbound and had uncommon talent, and gentlemen mostly turned to him. In office he came to be Gentleman of the Household of the Retinue of the Minister over the Masses."

郭子曰：「桓公樗蒱，失數百斛米，求救於袁耽。耽在艱中，便云：『大快。我必作采，卿但大喚。』即脫其衰，共出門去。覺頭上有布帽，擲去，箸小帽。既戲，袁形勢呼袒，擲必盧雉，二人齊叫，敵家頃刻失數百萬也。」

The Guozi says, "Lord Huan lost several hundred hu of rice at chupu and sought help from Yuan Dan. Yuan Dan was in mourning, and he said at once, 'How splendid. I shall surely make the throw. You have only to shout loud.' He then took off his mourning garb, and they went out the gate together. Noticing a cloth cap on his head, he threw it away and put on a small cap. When they played, Yuan Dan judged the run and called for bared shoulders, and whenever he cast, lu and zhi came up. The two men cried out as one, and the house against them lost several million in a moment."

光祿，王蘊也。續晉陽秋曰：「蘊素嗜酒，末年尤甚。及在會稽，略少醒日。」

The Grandee of the Palace is Wang Yun. The Xu Jin yangqiu says, "Wang Yun had always relished wine, and in his last years more than ever. While he was at Kuaiji the days he was sober were very few."

中興書曰：「承公少誕任不羈，家於會稽，性好山水。及求鄞縣，遺心細務，縱意遊肆，名阜盛川，靡不歷覽。」

The Zhongxing shu says, "Chenggong in his youth was wild and left all to itself and was unbound, and his home was in Kuaiji, and by nature he loved hills and streams. When he sought the post of Yin county he put small business out of mind and let his fancy roam at will, and of famous hills and flourishing rivers there was none that he did not go and see."

袁氏譜曰：「耽大妹名女皇，適殷浩。小妹名女正，適謝尚。」

The Yuanshi pu says, "Yuan Dan's elder sister was named Nühuang and went to Yin Hao. His younger sister was named Nüzheng and went to Xie Shang."

村臨江，去荊州二百里。

The village looks out on the river and is two hundred li from Jingzhou.

中興書曰：「劉驎之，一字遺民。」已見。

The Zhongxing shu says, "Liu Linzhi had a second style, Yimin." He has already appeared.

中興書曰：「郗恢字道胤，高平人。父曇，北中郎將。恢長八尺，美頿𩓿，風神魁梧。烈宗器之，以為蕃伯之望。自太子左率，擢為雍州刺史。」

The Zhongxing shu says, "Chi Hui, styled Daoyin, was a man of Gaoping. His father Chi Tan was General of the Gentlemen of the Household of the North. Chi Hui was eight feet tall, with fine whiskers and beard, and his bearing and spirit were large and imposing. Liezong held him a vessel and said that he had the promise of a lord of the marches. From Commandant of the Left Guard of the Heir Apparent he was raised to be Inspector of Yongzhou."

阿乞、恢小字。

Aqi was Chi Hui's childhood name.

莊子曰：「夫藏舟於壑，藏山於澤，謂之固矣。然有大力者負之而走，昧者不知也。」

The Zhuangzi says, "To hide a boat in a ravine and to hide a hill in a marsh is called secure. Yet if there is a man of great strength who shoulders them and runs off, the dull man does not know it."

晉陽秋曰：「友字它仁，襄陽人。少好學，不持節檢。性嗜酒，當其所遇，不擇士庶。又好伺人祠，往乞餘食，雖復營署壚肆，不以為羞。桓溫常責之云：『君太不逮！須食，何不就身求？乃至於此！』友傲然不屑，答曰：『就公乞食，今乃可得，明日已復無。』溫大笑之。始仕荊州，後在溫府。以家貧乞祿，溫雖以才學遇之，而謂其誕肆，非治民才，許而不用。後同府人有得郡者，溫為席起別，友至尤晚。問之，友答曰：『民性飲道嗜味，昨奉教旨，乃是首旦出門，於中路逢一鬼，大見揶揄，云：「我只見汝送人作郡，何以不見人送汝作郡？」民始怖終慚，回還以解，不覺成淹緩之罪。』溫雖笑其滑稽，而心頗愧焉。後以為襄陽太守，累遷廣、益二州刺史。在藩舉其宏綱，不存小察，甚為吏民所安說。薨於益州。」

The Jin yangqiu says, "You, styled Taren, was a man of Xiangyang. In his youth he loved learning, but he kept no restraint or measure. By nature he relished wine, and in whatever company he met he did not choose between gentleman and commoner. He also loved to watch for men's sacrifices and to go and beg the leftover food, and even at a camp office or a wineshop he did not take it for a shame. Huan Wen always rebuked him and said, 'You fall far too short. If you need food, why not come to me and ask for it, instead of coming to this?' Luo You was haughty and thought it of no account, and answered, 'If I go to Your Lordship and beg food I may get it now, but by tomorrow it is gone again.' Wen laughed aloud at him. He first served in Jingzhou and later was in Wen's office. Being poor at home he begged for a salaried post, and though Wen treated him well for his talent and learning, he thought him wild and unbridled and no man to govern the people, and he agreed but did not employ him. Later, when a man of the same office got a commandery, Wen opened a seat to see him off, and Luo You came especially late. When asked about it Luo You answered, 'Your servant is by nature fond of the way of drink and of good flavors. Yesterday I received your instruction and so went out the gate at first light. On the road I met a ghost, and I was greatly mocked. It said, "I only see you sending others off to take commanderies. Why do I never see others sending you off to take a commandery?" Your servant was frightened at first and ashamed at last, and I turned back to be free of it, and did not know that I was making myself guilty of delay.' Though Wen laughed at his drollery, in his heart he was rather ashamed. Later he made him Governor of Xiangyang, and through a succession of offices he came to be Inspector of the two provinces of Guang and Yi. In the marches he took up the great cords and did not dwell on small scrutinies, and the clerks and the people were much at ease and glad in him. He died in Yizhou."

晉東宮官名曰：「湛字處度，高平人。」張氏譜曰：「湛祖嶷，正員郎。父曠，鎮軍司馬。湛仕至中書郎。」

The Jin donggong guanming says, "Zhan, styled Chudu, was a man of Gaoping." The Zhangshi pu says, "Zhang Zhan's grandfather Zhang Ni was Gentleman of the Full Complement, and his father Zhang Kuang was Marshal of the Army Guard. Zhan in office came to be Gentleman of the Secretariat."

山松別見。續晉陽秋曰：「袁山松善音樂，北人舊歌有行路難曲，辭頗疏質，山松好之，乃為文其章句，婉其節制，每因酒酣，從而歌之。聽者莫不流涕。初，羊曇善唱樂，桓尹能挽歌，及山松以行路難繼之，時人謂之三絕。」今云挽歌，未詳。

Shansong appears elsewhere. The Xu Jin yangqiu says, "Yuan Shansong was good at music. Among the old songs of the men of the north there was the tune Xinglu nan, and its words were rather sparse and plain. Yuan Shansong loved it, and so he worked a pattern into its lines and made its measures graceful, and whenever the wine was deep he would follow it and sing, and of those who listened there was none who did not shed tears. At first Yang Tan was good at singing music and Huan Yin was good at dirges, and when Yuan Shansong followed them with Xinglu nan the men of the time called them the three perfections." Here it says dirges, which is not clear.

裴啟語林曰：「張湛好於齋前種松，養鴝鵒。袁山松出遊，好令左右作挽歌。時人云云。」

Pei Qi's Yulin says, "Zhang Zhan loved to plant pines in front of his study and kept a myna. Yuan Shansong, when he went out roaming, loved to have his attendants sing dirges. The men of the time said so and so."

車騎，王洽，別見。

The Chariot-and-Horse General was Wang Qia. He appears elsewhere.

驎，張湛小字也。譙子法訓云：「有喪而歌者。或曰：『彼為樂喪也，有不可乎？』譙子曰：『書云：「四海遏密八音。」何樂喪之有？』曰：『今喪有挽歌者，何以哉？』譙子曰：『周聞之：蓋高帝召齊田橫至于戶鄉亭，自刎奉首，從者挽至於宮，不敢哭而不勝哀，故為歌以寄哀音。彼則一時之為也。鄰有喪，舂不相引，挽人銜枚，孰樂喪者邪？』」按莊子曰：「紼謳所生，必於斥苦。」司馬彪注曰：「紼，引柩索也。斥，疏緩也。苦，用力也。引紼所以有謳歌者，為人有用力不齊，故促急之也。」春秋左氏傳曰：「魯哀公會吳伐齊，其將公孫夏命歌虞殯。」杜預曰：「虞殯，送葬歌，示必死也。」史記絳侯世家曰：「周勃以吹簫樂喪。」然則挽歌之來久矣，非始起於田橫也。然譙氏引禮之文，頗有明據，非固陋者所能詳聞。疑以傳疑，以俟通博。

Lin was Zhang Zhan's childhood name. The Qiaozi faxun says, "There are those who sing when there is a death. Someone said, 'They are making music of mourning. Is there anything wrong in it?' Qiaozi said, 'The Shu says, "Within the four seas the eight sounds were stopped and stilled." What making music of mourning is there?' It was said, 'Now at funerals there are those who sing dirges. Why is that?' Qiaozi said, 'This is what was heard in Zhou. It seems that Emperor Gao summoned Tian Heng of Qi, and when he came to Huxiang Pavilion he cut his own throat and offered up his head. Those who followed him drew him to the palace, and not daring to wail and yet not able to bear their grief, they made a song and put their mournful sound into it. That was the doing of one time. When a neighbor has a death, men do not draw out their song as they pound grain, and those who pull the hearse hold a gag in the mouth. Who then is it that makes music of mourning?'" Looking into it, the Zhuangzi says, "Where the hearse-rope chant arises, it must be out of slackness and out of effort." Sima Biao's commentary says, "Fu (紼) is the rope that draws the coffin. Chi (斥) is slack and loose, and ku (苦) is the using of strength. The reason there is chanting when the hearse-rope is drawn is that men do not put out their strength evenly, and so it urges and hurries them." The Zuo shi zhuan of the Chunqiu says, "Duke Ai of Lu joined with Wu to attack Qi, and his general Gongsun Xia ordered them to sing Yubin." Du Yu said, "Yubin is a song for sending off the dead, and it showed that they would surely die." The Shi ji, in the Hereditary House of the Marquis of Jiang, says, "Zhou Bo played the flute to make music of mourning." If so, then the dirge came long ago and did not begin with Tian Heng. Yet the text of the rites that Master Qiao draws on has clear evidence enough, and it is not what a narrow and shallow man can hear out in full. Where there is doubt the doubt is passed on, to wait for one who is penetrating and broad.

中興書曰：「徽之卓犖不羈，欲為傲達，放肆聲色頗過度。時人欽其才，穢其行也。」

The Zhongxing shu says, "Huizhi was outstanding and unbound and wished to be haughty and penetrating, and he let himself go in sound and beauty rather beyond measure. The men of the time admired his talent and thought his conduct foul."

中興書曰：「徽之任性放達，棄官東歸，居山陰也。」左詩曰：「杖策招隱士，荒塗橫古今。巖穴無結構，丘中有鳴琴。白雪停陰岡，丹葩曜陽林。」

The Zhongxing shu says, "Huizhi left all to his nature and let himself go free, and he cast off office and went home to the east and lived at Shanyin." Zuo Si's poem says, "Staff in hand I call the hidden gentleman, and the wild road lies across old times and new. In the cliff cave there is nothing built, yet within the hills there is a sounding zither. White snow rests on the shaded ridge, and red blossoms shine in the sunlit wood."

王薈已見。

Wang Hui has already appeared.

續晉陽秋曰：「左將軍桓伊善音樂，孝武飲燕，謝安侍坐，帝命伊吹笛。伊神色無忤，既吹一弄，乃放笛云：『臣於箏乃不如笛，然自足以韻合歌管。臣有一奴，善吹笛，且相便串，請進之。』帝賞其放率，聽召奴。奴既至，吹笛，伊撫箏而歌怨詩，因以為諫也。」

The Xu Jin yangqiu says, "Huan Yi, General of the Left, was good at music. When Emperor Xiaowu was drinking at a feast and Xie An sat in attendance, the emperor ordered Huan Yi to play the flute. Huan Yi's spirit and countenance showed no resistance, and when he had played one tune he laid the flute down and said, 'Your servant is not so good on the zheng as on the flute, yet it is of itself enough to tune with song and pipe. Your servant has a slave who is good at the flute and is besides well used to playing with me. I beg to bring him in.' The emperor praised his free and easy way and allowed the slave to be called. When the slave arrived and played the flute, Huan Yi plucked the zheng and sang a poem of grievance, and by this he made his remonstrance."

玄別傳曰：「玄初拜太子洗馬，時朝廷以溫有不臣之跡，故抑玄為素官。」

The Xuan biezhuan says, "Xuan was first appointed Attendant of the Heir Apparent. At that time the court held that Wen had shown traces of disloyalty, and so it held Xuan down in a plain office."

晉安帝紀曰：「玄哀樂過人，每歡戚之發，未嘗不至嗚咽。」

The Jin Andi ji says, "Xuan's grief and joy went beyond other men's, and whenever gladness or sorrow rose in him he never failed to come to sobbing."

靈寶，玄小字也。異苑曰：「玄生而有光照室，善占者云：『此兒生有奇耀，宜目為天人。』宣武嫌其三文，復言為『神靈寶』，猶復用三。既難重前，卻減『神』一字，名曰『靈寶』。」語林曰：「玄不立忌日，止立忌時，其達而不拘，皆此類。」

Lingbao was Xuan's childhood name. The Yiyuan says, "When Xuan was born there was a light that filled the room, and a good diviner said, 'This child was born with a strange brightness. He should be named a man of heaven.' Xuanwu disliked its three characters and said instead Shen Lingbao, but that was still three. Since it was hard to repeat the earlier one, he cut away the one character Shen and named him Lingbao." The Yulin says, "Xuan set up no taboo day but set up only a taboo hour. His penetration without restraint was all of this sort."

言阮皆同相如，而飲酒異耳。

This says that Ruan was in all things like Xiangru and differed only in his drinking.

晉安帝紀曰：「忱少慕達，好酒，在荊州轉甚，一飲或至連日不醒，遂以此死。」宋明帝文章志曰：「忱嗜酒，醉輒經日，自號上頓。世喭以大飲為『上頓』，起自忱也。」

The Jin Andi ji says, "Chen in his youth longed after the penetrating and loved wine, and in Jingzhou it grew worse, so that at one drinking he would sometimes go days on end without waking, and at last he died of it." Emperor Ming of Song's Wenzhang zhi says, "Chen relished wine, and when drunk he would pass whole days, and he called himself shangdun. In the world a great drinking is called shangdun, and it began with Chen."

王氏譜曰：「廞字伯輿，琅邪人。父薈，衛將軍。廞歷司徒長史。」周祗隆安記曰：「初，王恭將唱義，使喻三吳，廞居喪，拔以為吳國內史。國寶既死，恭罷兵，令廞反喪服。廞大怒，即日據吳都以叛。恭使司馬劉牢之討廞，廞敗，不知所在。」

The Wangshi pu says, "Xin, styled Boyu, was a man of Langye. His father Wang Hui was Guard General. Xin passed through the office of Chief Clerk to the Minister over the Masses." Zhou Zhi's Long'an ji says, "At first, when Wang Gong was about to raise the call of righteousness, he had the Three Wu informed of it. Wang Xin was in mourning, and he drew him out and made him Administrator of the kingdom of Wu. When Wang Guobao was dead and Wang Gong had disbanded his troops, he ordered Wang Xin to go back to his mourning garb. Wang Xin was greatly angered, and that very day he seized the capital of Wu and rebelled. Wang Gong sent his marshal Liu Laozhi to attack Wang Xin, and Wang Xin was defeated, and where he went is not known."