The Wuhuan烏丸
1The customs of the Wuhuan as set down in the Book of Wei — they prize the young
《魏書》曰：烏丸者，東胡也。漢初，匈奴冒頓滅其國，餘類保烏丸山，因以爲號焉。俗善騎射，隨水草放牧，居無常處，以穹廬爲宅，皆東向。日弋獵禽獸，食肉飲酪，以毛毳爲衣。貴少賤老，其性悍驁，怒則殺父兄，而終不害其母，以母有族類，父兄以己爲種，無復報者故也。常推募勇健能理決鬥訟相侵犯者爲大人，邑落各有小帥，不世繼也。數百千落自爲一部，大人有所召呼，刻木爲信，邑落傳行，無文字，而部衆莫敢違犯。氏姓無常，以大人健者名字爲姓。大人已下，各自畜牧治產，不相徭役。其嫁娶皆先私通，略將女去，或半歲百日，然後遣媒人送馬牛羊以爲聘娶之禮。婿隨妻歸，見妻家無尊卑，旦起皆拜，而不自拜其父母。爲妻家僕役二年，妻家乃厚遣送女，居處財物，一出妻家。故其俗從婦人計，至戰鬥時，乃自決之。父子男女，相對蹲踞，悉髡頭以爲輕便。婦人至嫁時乃養發，分爲髻，著句決，飾以金碧，猶中國有冠步搖也。
The Book of Wei (魏書) says: The Wuhuan are the Donghu. At the beginning of the Han, Modu of the Xiongnu destroyed their country, and the remnant of them held Mount Wuhuan (烏丸山). From this they took their name.
By custom they are good at riding and shooting. They follow the water and the grass to pasture their herds, and their dwelling is not in one place. They make a round felt tent (穹廬) their house, and all the tents face east. Day by day they hunt birds and beasts with corded arrows. They eat meat and drink milk, and they make their clothing of hair and down.
They hold the young in honor and the old in contempt. Their nature is fierce and rough. In anger they will kill a father or an elder brother, yet in the end they never harm their mother. This is because the mother has kin of her own, while a father or an elder brother is held to be of one's own stock, and there is no one left to take revenge.
They always raise up as great man one who is brave and strong and can judge fights and lawsuits and offenses against one another. Every settlement has a lesser chief (小帥), and the office does not pass from father to son. Several hundred or several thousand tents (落) make themselves one division (部). When the great man has something to summon them for, he cuts a mark in wood for a token and sends it round the settlements. They have no writing, yet the people of the division do not dare to disobey.
Clan and surname are not fixed. They take for a surname the name of a strong man among the great men. Below the great man each pastures his own herds and orders his own household, and they do not set one another to labor.
In marriage they all first come together in secret, and the man carries the woman off. Then, after half a year or a hundred days, he sends a go-between with horses and oxen and sheep, and this is the rite of taking a wife. The son-in-law goes home with his wife. When he meets the people of her house, high or low, he rises in the morning and bows to them all, but he does not bow to his own father and mother. He serves in his wife's house for two years, and then her house sends the daughter off richly. Their dwelling and their goods all come out of the wife's house. So by their custom they follow the woman's counsel, and only when it comes to battle does a man decide for himself.
Father and son, man and woman, squat facing one another. All of them shave the head to be light and free. A woman lets her hair grow only when the time comes to marry. She parts it and binds it into a knot, wears a gujue (句決), and adorns it with gold and jade, just as in China there is the cap (冠) and the swaying pin (步搖).
2A dog leads the soul of the dead to Mount Chi
父兄死，妻後母執嫂；若無執嫂者，則己子以親之次妻伯叔焉，死則歸其故夫。俗識鳥獸孕乳，時以四節，耕種常用布穀鳴爲候。地宜青穄、東牆，東牆似蓬草，實如葵子，至十月熟。能作白酒，而不知作麹蘖。米常仰中國。大人能作弓矢鞍勒，鍛金鐵爲兵器，能刺韋作文繡，織縷氈毼。有病，知以艾灸，或燒石自熨，燒地臥上，或隨痛病處，以刀決脈出血，及祝天地山川之神，無針藥。貴兵死，斂屍有棺，始死則哭，葬則歌舞相送。肥養犬，以采繩嬰牽，並取亡者所乘馬、衣物、生時服飾，皆燒以送之。特屬累犬，使護死者神靈歸乎赤山。赤山在遼東西北數千里，如中國人以死之魂神歸泰山也。至葬日，夜聚親舊員坐，牽犬馬曆位，或歌哭者，擲肉與之。使二人口頌咒文，使死者魂神徑至，歷險阻，勿令橫鬼遮護，達其赤山，然後殺犬馬衣物燒之。敬鬼神，祠天地日月星辰山川，及先大人有健名者，亦同祠以牛羊，祠畢皆燒之。
When a father or an elder brother dies, a man takes the stepmother to wife and takes in the elder brother's wife. If there is no one to take in the elder brother's wife, then his own son, following the order of nearness, takes to wife the wife of an uncle. When he dies she is sent back to her first husband.
By custom they know the four seasons by the breeding and suckling of birds and beasts, and for plowing and sowing they always take the calling of the cuckoo for their season. The land suits qingji millet (青穄) and dongqiang (東牆). The dongqiang is like mugwort, and its seed is like a mallow seed, and it ripens in the tenth month. They know how to make white liquor (白酒), but they do not know how to make ferment. For rice they always lean on China.
The great men know how to make bows and arrows and saddles and bridles. They beat metal into weapons, embroider leather, and weave thread into felt and woolen cloth.
When they fall ill they know how to burn mugwort on the body. Some heat a stone and press it on themselves, or heat the ground and lie upon it. Some follow the place of the pain and cut the vein with a knife to let out blood. And they pray to the spirits of heaven and earth and of the mountains and rivers. They have no needles and no drugs.
They hold it noble to die in battle. When they gather up the body they use a coffin. At the first death they wail, and at the burial they sing and dance to send the dead away. They fatten a dog and lead it on a colored cord, and they take the horse the dead man rode, his clothes, and the ornaments he wore in life, and burn them all to send them with him. They charge the dog again and again to guard the soul of the dead and bring it back to Mount Chi (赤山). Mount Chi lies several thousand li northwest of Liaodong, just as the Chinese say that the souls of the dead go back to Mount Tai.
On the day of the burial, kin and friends gather at night and sit in a circle. They lead the dog and the horse round the seats, and they throw meat to those who sing or wail. They set two men to chant a spell, so that the soul of the dead may go straight on, pass the rough places, and not be blocked by any evil ghost, and may reach Mount Chi. Only then do they kill the dog and the horse and burn them with the clothes.
They revere the ghosts and the spirits. They sacrifice to heaven and earth, to the sun and the moon and the stars, and to the mountains and rivers, and to those great men before them who had a name for strength. To these too they sacrifice oxen and sheep, and when the sacrifice is over they burn it all.
3Held down by the Xiongnu, they dig up their graves in turn
飲食必先祭。其約法，違大人言死，盜不止死。其相殘殺，令都落自相報，相報不止，詣大人平之，有罪者出其牛羊以贖死命，乃止。自殺其父兄無罪。其亡叛爲大人所捕者，諸邑落不肯受，皆逐使至雍狂地。地無山，有沙漠、流水、草木，多蝮蛇，在丁令之西南，烏孫之東北，以窮困之。自其先爲匈奴所破之後，人衆孤弱，爲匈奴臣服，常歲輸牛馬羊，過時不具，輒虜其妻子。至匈奴壹衍鞮單于時，烏丸轉強，發掘匈奴單于塚，將以報冒頓所破之恥。壹衍鞮單于大怒，發二萬騎以擊烏丸。大將軍霍光聞之，遣度遼將軍范明友將三萬騎出遼東追擊匈奴。比明友兵至，匈奴已引去。烏丸新被匈奴兵，乘其衰弊，遂進擊烏丸，斬首六千餘級，獲三王首還。後數復犯塞，明友輒征破之。至王莽末，並與匈奴爲寇。光武定天下，遣伏波將軍馬援將三千騎，從五原關出塞征之，無利，而殺馬千餘匹。
Before they eat and drink they must first offer sacrifice. By the covenant of their law, whoever goes against the word of the great man is put to death, and whoever does not stop stealing is put to death. When they kill one another, the settlements are made to take revenge among themselves. If the revenge does not stop, they go to the great man to have it evened out, and the guilty man gives up oxen and sheep to redeem the life he owes, and there it ends. To kill one's own father or elder brother is held no crime.
When a man who has fled and rebelled is caught by the great man, no settlement is willing to take him in, and they all drive him out to the land of Yongkuang (雍狂). That land has no mountains. It has desert and running water and grass and trees, and many vipers. It lies southwest of the Dingling (丁令) and northeast of the Wusun (烏孫), and by it they are brought to want and hardship.
Ever since their forefathers were broken by the Xiongnu, their people were few and weak and served the Xiongnu as subjects. Every year they sent oxen and horses and sheep, and whenever the time passed and the tribute was not made up, the Xiongnu carried off their wives and children. By the time of the Xiongnu Chanyu Yiyandi (壹衍鞮), the Wuhuan had grown stronger, and they dug up the grave of a Xiongnu Chanyu, to repay the shame of being broken by Modu.
The Chanyu Yiyandi was greatly angered and sent out twenty thousand horsemen to strike the Wuhuan. The Grand General Huo Guang heard of it and sent Fan Mingyou, the General Who Crosses the Liao, to lead thirty thousand horsemen out by Liaodong and pursue and strike the Xiongnu. By the time Mingyou's troops arrived the Xiongnu had already withdrawn. The Wuhuan had just been through the fighting with the Xiongnu, and so, taking them worn and weary, he went on and struck the Wuhuan instead, cut off more than six thousand heads, and came back with the heads of three kings.
Afterward they broke through the border passes again and again, and each time Mingyou struck and broke them. By the last years of Wang Mang they were plundering together with the Xiongnu. When Emperor Guangwu had settled all under heaven, he sent Ma Yuan, the General Who Calms the Waves, to lead three thousand horsemen out through the Wuyuan Pass to strike them. He gained nothing by it, and lost more than a thousand horses.
4They come inside the Han and settle there
烏丸遂盛，鈔擊匈奴，匈奴轉徙千里，漠南地空。建武二十五年，烏丸大人郝旦等九千餘人率衆詣闕，封其渠帥爲侯王者八十餘人，使居塞內，布列遼東屬國、遼西、右北平、漁陽、廣陽、上穀、代郡、雁門、太原、朔方諸郡界，招來種人，給其衣食，置校尉以領護之，遂爲漢偵備，擊匈奴、鮮卑。至永平中，漁陽烏丸大人欽志賁帥種人叛，鮮卑還爲寇害，遼東太守祭肜募殺志賁，遂破其衆。至安帝時，漁陽、右北平、雁門烏丸率衆王無何等復與鮮卑、匈奴合，鈔略代郡、上穀、涿郡、五原，乃以大司農何熙行車騎將軍，左右羽林五營士，發緣邊七郡黎陽營兵合二萬人擊之。匈奴降，鮮卑、烏丸各還塞外。是後，烏丸稍復親附，拜其大人戎末廆爲都尉。至順帝時，戎末廆率將王侯咄歸、去延等從烏丸校尉耿曄出塞擊鮮卑有功，還皆拜爲率衆王，賜束帛。
The Wuhuan at last grew strong. They plundered and struck the Xiongnu, and the Xiongnu moved away a thousand li, so that the land of Monan stood empty.
In the twenty-fifth year of Jianwu the Wuhuan great man Hao Dan and more than nine thousand others led their people to the palace gate. More than eighty of their chieftains were made marquises and kings and were settled inside the border passes. They were spread along the bounds of the commanderies of the Liaodong Dependent State, Liaoxi, Youbeiping, Yuyang, Guangyang, Shanggu, Dai, Yanmen, Taiyuan and Shuofang. Their kinsmen were called in and given clothing and food, and a colonel was set over them to lead and guard them. So in the end they watched and warded for the Han and struck the Xiongnu and the Xianbei.
In the Yongping years the Wuhuan great man Qinzhifen of Yuyang led his kinsmen in revolt, and the Xianbei turned again to plunder and harm. Zhai Rong, the Grand Administrator of Liaodong, hired men to kill Zhifen, and so broke his people.
In the time of Emperor An, Wuhe and others, Kings Who Lead the Host among the Wuhuan of Yuyang, Youbeiping and Yanmen, joined once more with the Xianbei and the Xiongnu and plundered Dai, Shanggu, Zhuo and Wuyuan. Then He Xi, the Minister of Agriculture, was given the office of General of Chariots and Cavalry, and with the soldiers of the five camps of the Feathered Forest, left and right, and the Liyang camp troops raised from the seven frontier commanderies, twenty thousand men in all, he struck them. The Xiongnu surrendered, and the Xianbei and the Wuhuan each went back beyond the border passes.
After this the Wuhuan little by little drew close again, and their great man Rong Mowei was made a commandant. In the time of Emperor Shun, Rong Mowei led the kings and marquises Duogui and Quyan and others to follow Geng Ye, the Colonel of the Wuhuan, out beyond the border passes to strike the Xianbei, and they had merit in it. When they came back they were all made Kings Who Lead the Host and were given bolts of silk.
5The four great men at the end of the Han
漢末，遼西烏丸大人丘力居，衆五千餘落，上谷烏丸大人難樓，衆九千餘落，各稱王，而遼東屬國烏丸大人蘇僕延，衆千餘落，自稱峭王，右北平烏丸大人烏延，衆八百餘落，自稱汗魯王，皆有計策勇健。中山太守張純叛入丘力居衆中，自號彌天安定王，爲三郡烏丸元帥，寇略青、徐、幽、冀四州，殺略吏民。靈帝末，以劉虞爲州牧，募胡斬純首，北州乃定。後丘力居死，子樓班年小，從子蹋頓有武略，代立，總攝三王部，衆皆從其教令。袁紹與公孫瓚連戰不決，蹋頓遣使詣紹求和親，助紹擊瓚，破之。紹矯制賜蹋頓、峭王、汗魯王印綬，皆以爲單于。
At the end of the Han, Qiuliju, the great man of the Wuhuan of Liaoxi, had more than five thousand tents, and Nanlou, the great man of the Wuhuan of Shanggu, had more than nine thousand tents, and each of them called himself king. Supuyan, the great man of the Wuhuan of the Liaodong Dependent State, had more than a thousand tents and called himself King Qiao (峭王), and Wuyan, the great man of the Wuhuan of Youbeiping, had more than eight hundred tents and called himself King Hanlu (汗魯王). All of them had cunning, and were brave and strong.
Zhang Chun, the Grand Administrator of Zhongshan, rebelled and went in among the people of Qiuliju. He called himself King Mitian Anding (彌天安定王) and became commander of the Wuhuan of the three commanderies. He plundered and raided the four provinces of Qing, Xu, You and Ji, and killed and carried off officials and common people. At the end of Emperor Ling's reign Liu Yu was made governor of the province, and he hired a Hu (胡) to cut off Zhang Chun's head, and the northern provinces were settled.
Afterward Qiuliju died. His son Louban was young in years, and his nephew Tadun had skill in war, so Tadun took his place and led the divisions of the three kings together, and all their people followed his teaching and his orders. Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan fought battle after battle without a decision, so Tadun sent an envoy to Yuan Shao to seek friendship, and he helped Yuan Shao strike Gongsun Zan and break him. Yuan Shao then falsely claimed an imperial order and gave seals and ribbons (印綬) to Tadun and King Qiao and King Hanlu, and made them all Chanyu.
Interlinear notes 1
難
In some editions the character Nan (難) stands here as well.
6The writ Yuan Shao gave to the three kings
《英雄記》曰：紹遣使即拜烏丸三王爲單于，皆安車、華蓋、羽旄、黃屋、左纛。版文曰：「使持節大將軍督幽、青、並領冀州牧阮鄉侯紹，承制詔遼東屬國率衆王頒下、烏丸遼西率衆王蹋頓、右北平率衆王汗盧維：乃祖慕義遷善，款塞內附，北捍玁狁，東拒濊貊，世守北陲，爲百姓保障，雖時侵犯王略，命將徂征厥罪，率不旋時，悔愆變改，方之外夷，最又聰惠者也。始有千夫長、百夫長以相統領，用能悉乃心，克有勳力於國家，稍受王侯之命。自我王室多故，公孫瓚作難，殘夷厥土之君，以侮天慢主，是以四海之內，並執干戈以衛社稷。三王奮氣裔土，忿奸憂國，控弦與漢兵爲表裏，誠甚忠孝，朝所嘉焉。然而虎兕長蛇，相隨塞路，王官爵命，否而無聞。夫有勳不賞，俾勤者怠。今遣行謁者楊林，齎單于璽綬車服，以對爾勞。其各綏靜部落，教以謹慎，無使作凶作慝。世復爾祀位，長爲百蠻長。厥有咎有不臧者，泯於爾祿，而喪於乃庸，可不勉乎！烏桓單于都護部衆，左右單于受其節度，他如故事。」
The Yingxiong ji (英雄記) says: Yuan Shao sent an envoy and at once made the three kings of the Wuhuan Chanyu, and gave them all a covered carriage (安車), a flowered canopy (華蓋), feather and oxtail standards (羽旄), a yellow canopy (黃屋), and a plume on the left (左纛). The text of the tablet (版文) said:
"Shao (紹), Bearer of the Staff of Authority, Grand General, overseer of You, Qing and Bing, holding also the governorship of Ji province, Marquis of Wanxiang, upholding the imperial ordinance (制), proclaims to Banxia, King Who Leads the Host of the Liaodong Dependent State, to Tadun, King Who Leads the Host of the Wuhuan of Liaoxi, and to Hanluwei, King Who Leads the Host of Youbeiping.
Your grandfathers longed for what is right and turned toward the good. They knocked at the border passes and came in to join us. In the north they held back the Xianyun, in the east they drove off the Yemaek, and generation after generation they guarded the northern frontier and were a fence for the common people. Though at times they broke in upon the rule of the king, and generals were ordered out to punish that crime, for the most part they repented their fault and mended it before the season had turned. Set beside the Yi (夷) outside, they are the most clear-sighted and wise.
At the first, commanders of a thousand and commanders of a hundred were set up to lead one another, and so you were able to give your whole heart and to have merit and strength for the state, and little by little you received the commissions of kings and marquises.
Since troubles grew many in our royal house, Gongsun Zan has raised a rebellion. He has harmed the lord of that land, made light of heaven, and slighted the sovereign. For this reason all within the four seas have taken up shield and spear together to guard the altars of soil and grain. The three kings roused their spirit in the outer land, took anger at the treacherous and grief for the state, and drew the bow to be as inside and outside with the troops of the Han. This is truly great loyalty and filial duty, and the court holds it beautiful.
But tigers and wild oxen and long snakes lie one after another across the road, so that the king's offices and titles have been blocked and unheard of. Now when there is merit and no reward, the diligent are made slack. So now Yang Lin, the acting herald, is sent bearing the seal and ribbon (璽綬) of a Chanyu, with carriages and robes, to answer your labor.
Let each of you soothe his settlements and keep them quiet, and teach them to be careful and wary, so that they work no violence and no wickedness. Generation after generation your sacrifices and your places shall be given back to you, and you shall long be the elders of the hundred Man. Whoever has a fault and is not good shall lose his stipend and lose his merit. Shall you not strive? The Chanyu of the Wuhuan shall be protector-general (都護) over the people of the divisions, and the Chanyu of the left and of the right shall take his direction. In all else, let the old ways stand."
7Taizu cuts off Tadun's head at Liucheng
後樓班大，峭王率其部衆奉樓班爲單于，蹋頓爲王。然蹋頓多畫計策。廣陽閻柔，少沒烏丸、鮮卑中，爲其種所歸信。柔乃因鮮卑衆，殺烏丸校尉邢舉代之，紹因寵慰以安北邊。後袁尚敗奔蹋頓，憑其勢，復圖冀州。會太祖平河北，柔帥鮮卑、烏丸歸附，遂因以柔爲校尉，猶持漢使節，治廣甯如舊。建安十一年，太祖自征蹋頓於柳城，潛軍詭道，未至百餘里，虜乃覺。尚與蹋頓將衆逆戰於凡城，兵馬甚盛。太祖登高望虜陳，（柳）軍未進，觀其小動，乃擊破其衆，臨陳斬蹋頓首，死者被野。速附丸、樓班、烏延等走遼東，遼東悉斬，傳送其首。其餘遺迸皆降。及幽州、并州柔所統烏丸萬餘落，悉徙其族居中國，帥從其侯王大人種衆與征伐。由是三郡烏丸爲天下名騎。
Afterward Louban grew up, and King Qiao led the people of his division and raised Louban up as Chanyu, while Tadun became a king. Yet it was Tadun who made most of the plans.
Yan Rou, a man of Guangyang, had been lost among the Wuhuan and the Xianbei when he was young, and their tribes trusted him and followed him. Leaning on the host of the Xianbei, Yan Rou killed Xing Ju, the Colonel of the Wuhuan, and took his place, and Yuan Shao favored and comforted him for this and so kept the northern frontier at peace.
Afterward Yuan Shang was beaten and fled to Tadun, and leaning on his power he plotted again for Ji province. It happened then that Taizu settled Hebei, and Yan Rou came back and joined him, leading the Xianbei and the Wuhuan. So Yan Rou was made colonel, and kept the envoy's staff of the Han as before, and governed at Guangning as he had done.
In the eleventh year of Jian'an, Taizu himself went to strike Tadun at Liucheng. He hid his army and took a false road, and the barbarians did not find him out until he was little more than a hundred li away. Yuan Shang and Tadun led their people out to meet him in battle at Fancheng, and their soldiers and horses were very many. Taizu climbed a height and looked out over the barbarian ranks. He did not send his troops forward, but watched for a little wavering among them, and then he struck their host and broke it, and cut off Tadun's head before the ranks, and the dead covered the field.
Sufuwan, Louban, Wuyan and the rest fled to Liaodong, but Liaodong cut them all down and sent on their heads, and the remnant who had scattered all surrendered. As for the more than ten thousand tents of the Wuhuan that Yan Rou had led in You province and Bing province, all their kin were moved to dwell in China, and their marquises and kings and great men and the people of their tribes were led out to follow the campaigns. By this the Wuhuan of the three commanderies became the most famous horsemen under heaven.
8The Wuhuan who came over in the first year of Jingchu
《魏略》曰：景初元年秋，遣幽州刺史毌丘儉率衆軍討遼東。右北平烏丸單于寇婁敦、遼西烏丸都督率衆王護留葉，昔隨袁尚奔遼西，聞儉軍至，率衆五千餘人降。寇婁敦遣弟（阿羅獎）阿羅槃等詣闕朝貢，封其渠帥三十餘爲王，賜輿馬繒采各有差。
The Wei lue (魏略) says: In the autumn of the first year of Jingchu, Guanqiu Jian, the Inspector of You province, was sent to lead the armies against Liaodong. Kouloudun, the Wuhuan Chanyu of Youbeiping, and Huliuye, Commander and King Who Leads the Host of the Wuhuan of Liaoxi, had long before fled to Liaoxi with Yuan Shang. When they heard that Guanqiu Jian's army had come, they led more than five thousand of their people and surrendered. Kouloudun sent his younger brother Aluopan and others to the palace gate to bring tribute, and more than thirty of their chieftains were made kings and were given carriages and horses and silks, each according to his rank.