The people of Wa倭人
1The sea road from Daebang to Wa
倭人在帶方東南大海之中，依山島爲國邑。舊百餘國，漢時有朝見者，今使譯所通三十國。從郡至倭，循海岸水行，歷韓國，乍南乍東，到其北岸狗邪韓國，七千餘里，始渡一海，千餘里至對馬國。其大官曰卑狗，副曰卑奴母離。所居絶島，方可四百餘里，土地山險，多深林，道路如禽鹿徑。有千餘戶，無良田，食海物自活，乘船南北市糴。又南渡一海千餘里，名曰瀚海，至一大國，官亦曰卑狗，副曰卑奴母離，方可三百里。多竹木叢林，有三千許家。差有田地，耕田猶不足食，亦南北市糴。又渡一海，千餘里至末盧國，有四千餘戶，濵山海居，草木茂盛，行不見前人。好捕魚鰒，水無深淺，皆沉没取之。東南陸行五百里，到伊都國，官曰爾支，副曰泄謨觚、柄渠觚。有千餘户，世有王，皆統屬女王國，郡使往來常所駐。東南至奴國百里，官曰兕馬觚，副曰卑奴母離，有二萬餘户。東行至不彌國百里，官曰多模，副曰卑奴母離，有千餘家。
The people of Wa (倭人) are in the great sea southeast of Daebang, and they make their states and towns on mountains and islands. Of old there were more than a hundred states, and in the time of Han there were those who came to court. Now there are thirty states with which envoys and interpreters have dealings.
To go from the commandery to Wa, one follows the seashore by water and passes the country of Han, going now south and now east, and comes to Guya Han (狗邪韓國) on its northern shore, more than seven thousand li.
Crossing one sea for the first time and going more than a thousand li, one comes to the state of Daema (對馬國). Its high officer is called bigu (卑狗) and his second binomori (卑奴母離). The place they live is a lonely island, some four hundred li square. The land is steep with mountains and has many deep woods, and the roads are like the tracks of birds and deer. There are more than a thousand households, and there are no good fields, so they eat what the sea yields and live by that, and they go north and south by ship to buy grain.
Again one crosses a sea southward for more than a thousand li, and it is called Hanhae (瀚海). One comes to the state of Ildae (一大國). Its officer is also called bigu and his second binomori, and it is some three hundred li square. There is much bamboo and wood and thicket, and there are about three thousand houses. There is a little farmland, but even when they till it they have not enough to eat, so they too go north and south to buy grain.
Again one crosses a sea and goes more than a thousand li and comes to the state of Mallo (末盧國). There are more than four thousand households. They live along the mountains and the sea, and the grass and trees grow so thick that in walking one cannot see the man ahead. They love to catch fish and abalone, and whether the water is deep or shallow they all dive and take them.
Going southeast by land five hundred li, one comes to the state of Ido (伊都國). Its officer is called iji (爾支) and his seconds seolmogo (泄謨觚) and byeonggeogo (柄渠觚). There are more than a thousand households. It has had kings from age to age, but they all belong to the queen's country. It is where the envoys of the commandery always stay as they come and go.
Southeast it is a hundred li to the state of No (奴國). Its officer is called simago (兕馬觚) and his second binomori, and there are more than twenty thousand households. Going east it is a hundred li to the state of Bulmi (不彌國). Its officer is called damo (多模) and his second binomori, and there are more than a thousand houses.
2Yamail, where the queen has her capital
南至投馬國，水行二十日，官曰彌彌，副曰彌彌那利，可五萬餘户。南至邪馬壹國，女王之所都，水行十日，陸行一月。官有伊支馬，次曰彌馬升，次曰彌馬獲支，次曰奴佳鞮，可七萬餘戶。自女王國以北，其戶數道里可得略載，其餘旁國遠絕，不可得詳。次有斯馬國，次有已百支國，次有伊邪國，次有都支國，次有彌奴國，次有好古都國，次有不呼國，次有姐奴國，次有對蘇國，次有蘇奴國，次有呼邑國，次有華奴蘇奴國，次有鬼國，次有爲吾國，次有鬼奴國，次有邪馬國，次有躬臣國，次有巴利國，次有支惟國，次有烏奴國，次有奴國，此女王境界所盡。其南有狗奴國，男子爲王，其官有狗古智卑狗，不屬女王。自郡至女王國，萬二千餘里。男子無大小皆黥面文身。
Southward it is twenty days by water to the state of Tuma (投馬國). Its officer is called mimi (彌彌) and his second miminari (彌彌那利), and there are some fifty thousand households.
Southward one comes to the state of Yamail (邪馬壹國), where the queen has her capital. It is ten days by water and a month by land. Among its offices there is the ijima (伊支馬), then the mimaseung (彌馬升), then the mimahoekji (彌馬獲支), then the nogaje (奴佳鞮), and there are some seventy thousand households.
North of the queen's country the number of households and the distances of the roads can be set down in rough form, but the other states at their side are far off and cut away, and they cannot be known in detail.
Then there are Sama (斯馬國), Ibaekji (已百支國), Iya (伊邪國), Doji (都支國), Mino (彌奴國), Hogodo (好古都國), Bulho (不呼國), Jeono (姐奴國), Daeso (對蘇國), Sono (蘇奴國), Hoeup (呼邑國), Hwanosono (華奴蘇奴國), Gwi (鬼國), Wio (爲吾國), Gwino (鬼奴國), Yama (邪馬國), Gungsin (躬臣國), Pari (巴利國), Jiyu (支惟國), Ono (烏奴國) and No (奴國), and here the border of the queen comes to its end.
South of it is the state of Guno (狗奴國), where a man is king. Among its offices there is the gugojibigu (狗古智卑狗), and it does not belong to the queen.
From the commandery to the queen's country is more than twelve thousand li. The men, great and small alike, all tattoo the face and mark the body.
3Tattoos and clothes and trade
自古以來，其使詣中國，皆自稱大夫。夏后少康之子，封於會稽，斷髮文身，以避蛟龍之害。今倭水人好沈没捕魚蛤，文身亦以厭大魚水禽，後稍以爲飾。諸國文身各異，或左或右，或大或小，尊卑有差。計其道里，當在會稽、東治之東。其風俗不淫，男子皆露紒，以木緜招頭。其衣横幅，但結束相連，略無縫。婦人被髮屈紒，作衣如單被，穿其中央，貫頭衣之。種禾稻、紵麻，蠶桑、緝績，出細紵、縑緜。其地無牛、馬、虎、豹、羊、鵲。兵用矛、楯、木弓。木弓短下長上，竹箭或鐵鏃或骨鏃，所有無與儋耳、朱崖同。倭地温暖，冬夏食生菜，皆徒跣。有屋室，父母兄弟卧息異處，以朱丹塗其身體，如中國用粉也。食飲用籩豆，手食。其死，有棺無槨，封土作冢。始死，停喪十餘日，當時不食肉，喪主哭泣，他人就歌舞飲酒。已葬，舉家詣水中澡浴，以如練沐。其行來渡海詣中國，恒使一人，不梳頭，不去蟣蝨。衣服垢汚，不食肉，不近婦人。
From of old, when their envoys came to China they all called themselves grand officers (大夫). The son of Shaokang of the Xia was enfeoffed at Kuaiji, and he cut his hair and marked his body to avoid the harm of the dragons. Now the water men of Wa love to dive and catch fish and clams, and the marking of the body was also to drive off great fish and water birds, though later it became an ornament by degrees. The markings of the several states are each different, some on the left and some on the right, some large and some small, and there is a difference of high and low in them. Reckoning the road, they must lie east of Kuaiji and Dongzhi.
Their customs are not licentious. The men all bare the topknot and bind the head with cotton. Their clothes are of cloth laid crosswise, only tied and joined together, with almost no sewing. The women loose the hair and bend it into a knot, and they make a garment like a single coverlet, pierce a hole in the middle of it, and put the head through to wear it.
They plant rice and ramie and hemp, they raise silkworms and spin thread, and they produce fine ramie and silk and floss. In their land there are no oxen or horses or tigers or leopards or sheep or magpies. For weapons they use spears and shields and wooden bows. The wooden bow is short below and long above, and their bamboo arrows have heads of iron or of bone. What they have and have not is the same as at Dan'er and Zhuya.
The land of Wa is warm, and in winter and in summer alike they eat raw greens, and they all go barefoot. They have houses, and father and mother and brothers sleep and rest in separate places. They smear their bodies with red cinnabar, as China uses powder. In eating and drinking they use the byeon (籩) and the du (豆), and they eat with the hand.
When a man dies, they have an inner coffin but no outer one, and they heap earth to make a mound. When he has just died they keep the body ten days and more. In that time they do not eat meat, and the chief mourner cries and weeps while the others go and sing and dance and drink wine. When the burial is over, the whole household goes into the water and bathes, as with the washing after mourning (練沐).
When they cross the sea and go to China, they always set one man to it who does not comb his hair, does not rid himself of lice and nits, leaves his clothes dirty, eats no meat and does not go near women.
4The jisoe: rewarded if all goes well, killed if it does not
如喪人，名之爲「持衰」。若行者吉善，共顧其生口、財物；若有疾病，遭暴害，便欲殺之，謂其持衰不謹。出真珠、靑玉，其山有丹，其木有柟、杼、豫樟、楺櫪、投橿、烏號、楓香，其竹篠簳、桃支，有薑、橘、椒、蘘荷，不知以爲滋味。有獼猴、黑雉。其俗舉事行來，有所云爲，輙灼骨而卜，以占吉凶。先告所卜，其辭如令龜法，視火坼占兆。
He is treated as a man in mourning, and they call him the jisoe (持衰). If the traveler has good fortune, they all together give him people and goods; but if there is sickness or they meet with violent harm, then they mean to kill him, saying that his jisoe was not careful.
Pearls and blue jade come from there, and in their mountains there is cinnabar. Among their trees there are the nam (柟), the jeo (杼), the yejang (豫樟), the yuryeok (楺櫪), the tugang (投橿), the oho (烏號) and the punghyang (楓香), and among their bamboos the sogan (篠簳) and the doji (桃支). There are ginger and orange and pepper and myoga, but they do not know how to use them for flavor. There are monkeys and black pheasants.
In their custom, when they set a thing afoot or go and come, and there is something they mean to do, they burn a bone each time and divine by it and look for good or ill fortune. First they tell what is to be divined, and their words are like the rule for commanding the tortoise, and they read the omen by looking at the cracks made by the fire.
5Queen Himiko
其會同坐起，父子男女無别，人性嗜酒。見大人所敬，但搏手以當跪拜。其人壽考，或百年，或八、九十年。其俗，國大人皆四五婦，下户或二三婦。婦人不淫，不妬忌。不盜竊，少諍訟。其犯法，輕者没其妻子，重者滅其門户及宗族尊卑，各有差序，足相臣服。收租賦。有邸閣，國國有市，交易有無，使大倭監之。自女王國以北，特置一大率，檢察諸國，諸國畏憚之。常治伊都國，於國中有如刺史。王遣使詣京都、帶方郡、諸韓國，及郡使倭國，皆臨津搜露，傳送文書、賜遺之物詣女王，不得差錯。下户與大人相逢道路，逡巡入草。傳辭說事，或蹲或跪，兩手據地，爲之恭敬。對應聲曰「噫」，比如「然」「諾」。其國本亦以男子爲王，住七八十年，倭國亂，相攻伐歷年，乃共立一女子爲王，名曰卑彌呼，事鬼道，能惑衆。年已長大，無夫壻，有男弟佐治國。自爲王以來，少有見者。以婢千人自侍，唯有男子一人給飲食，傳辭出入。居處宫室樓觀，城栅嚴設，常有人持兵守衛。女王國東渡海千餘里，復有國，皆倭種。又有侏儒國在其南，人長三四尺，去女王四千餘里，又有裸國、黑齒國，復在其東南，船行一年可至。參問倭地，絕在海中洲島之上，或絕或連，周旋可五千餘里。
When they gather and sit and rise there is no distinction of father and son or of man and woman. The people by nature are fond of wine. When they see a great man and would honor him, they only clap the hands, and this stands for kneeling and bowing. Their people live long, some a hundred years, some eighty or ninety.
In their custom the great men of the country all have four or five wives, and the lesser households two or three. The women are not licentious and are not jealous. They do not steal, and there is little quarreling and litigation. When they break the law, the wife and children of the lighter offender are taken away, and for the heavier his house and his kindred are wiped out. High and low have each their order, and it is enough to make one serve the other.
They gather taxes and levies. There are jeogak (邸閣) storehouses, and every state has a market where they trade what they have for what they have not, and they set the daewae (大倭) to watch over it. North of the queen's country they have set up one ildaesol (一大率) in particular to inspect and watch the several states, and the several states fear and shrink from him. He always governs from the state of Ido, and within the country he is like a regional inspector.
When the king sends envoys to the capital, to the commandery of Daebang and to the several states of Han, and when the commandery sends envoys to the country of Wa, they all come to the ford and are searched and laid open, and the documents and the gifts bestowed are passed on to the queen so that there may be no error.
When a lesser household meets a great man on the road, it draws back and goes into the grass. In passing on a word or speaking of a matter, they squat or kneel with both hands on the ground, and in this way they show respect. Their word of answer is "hui" (噫), which may be likened to "it is so" and "just so."
That country too had a man for king at first, and so it stood for seventy or eighty years. Then the country of Wa fell into disorder and they attacked one another for years on end. So together they set up one woman as king, and her name is Himiko (卑彌呼). She serves the way of the spirits and can lead the people astray. She is already advanced in years and has no husband, and she has a younger brother who helps her govern the country. Since she became king few have seen her. She has a thousand serving women to wait upon her, and there is only one man who brings her food and drink and goes in and out carrying her words. Where she lives are palace halls and towers and lookouts, with stockades set up sternly, and there are always men with weapons on guard.
East of the queen's country, crossing the sea more than a thousand li, there are countries again, and all of them are of the Wa people. There is also the state of Juyu (侏儒國) south of it, where the people are three or four feet tall, more than four thousand li from the queen. There are also the state of Na (裸國) and the state of Heukchi (黑齒國), again to the southeast of it, and one may reach them by ship in a year. Asking about the land of Wa, it lies cut off on islands in the midst of the sea, now broken and now joined, and its circuit is some five thousand li.
6The edict: King of Wa, Friend of Wei
景初二年六月，倭女王遣大夫難升米等詣郡，求詣天子朝獻，太守劉夏遣吏將送詣京都。其年十二月，詔書報倭女王曰:「制詔親魏倭王卑彌呼：帶方太守劉夏遣使送汝大夫難升米、次使都市牛利，奉汝所獻男生口四人，女生口六人，班布二匹二丈，以到。汝所在踰遠，乃遣使貢獻，是汝之忠孝，我甚哀汝。今以汝爲親魏倭王，假金印紫綬，裝封付帶方太守，假授汝。其綏撫種人，勉爲孝順。汝來使難升米、牛利涉遠，道路勤勞，今以難升米爲率善中郎將，牛利爲率善校尉，假銀印靑綬，引見勞賜遣還。今以絳地交龍錦五匹，絳地縐粟罽十張，蒨絳五十匹，紺靑五十匹，答汝所獻貢直。又特賜汝紺地句文錦三匹，細班華罽五張，白絹五十匹，金八兩，五尺刀二口，銅鏡百枚，真珠、鉛丹各五十斤，皆裝封付難升米、牛利還到録受。悉可以示汝國中人，使知國家哀汝，故鄭重賜汝好物也。
In the sixth month of the second year of Jingchu the queen of Wa sent her grand officer Nanseungmi (難升米) and others to the commandery, asking to go to the Son of Heaven to pay court and offer tribute. Liu Xia the Grand Administrator sent officials to conduct them and see them to the capital.
In the twelfth month of that year an edict was returned to the queen of Wa, saying:
"By decree and edict to Himiko, King of Wa, Friend of Wei (親魏倭王). Liu Xia, Grand Administrator of Daebang, sent envoys to conduct your grand officer Nanseungmi and your second envoy Dosiuri (都市牛利), and they have arrived bearing what you offered, four men and six women and two bolts and twenty feet of banpo cloth (班布). The place where you are is very far off, and yet you sent envoys with tribute. This is your loyalty and your filial heart, and I hold you very dear.
Now I make you King of Wa, Friend of Wei, and grant you a gold seal and a purple cord. It shall be wrapped and sealed and given over to the Grand Administrator of Daebang, and so granted to you. Comfort and settle your own people, and strive to be filial and obedient.
Your envoys Nanseungmi and Uri crossed a long way and labored on the road. Now I make Nanseungmi a General of the Gentlemen of the Household Who Leads to Good (率善中郎將) and Uri a solseon gyowi (率善校尉), and I grant them a silver seal and a blue cord. I have called them in and seen them, comforted them, given them gifts and sent them back.
Now with five bolts of brocade of intertwined dragons on a crimson ground, ten sheets of crinkled woolen stuff on a crimson ground, fifty bolts of madder crimson and fifty bolts of dark blue, I answer the worth of the tribute you offered. And I grant you besides, in particular, three bolts of brocade with curved patterns on a dark blue ground, five sheets of fine dappled flowered woolen stuff, fifty bolts of white silk, eight ounces of gold, two swords five feet long, a hundred bronze mirrors, and fifty catties each of pearls and of red lead (鉛丹). All shall be wrapped and sealed and given over to Nanseungmi and Uri, and when they arrive back it shall be written down and received. You may show it all to the people of your country, so that they may know that the state holds you dear. It is for this that I grant you good things with all ceremony."
7Himiko dies and Ilyeo, thirteen years old, is set up
」正始元年，太守弓遵遣建中校尉梯儁等奉詔書印綬詣倭國，拜假倭王，並齎詔賜金帛、錦罽、刀鏡、采物，倭王因使上表答謝恩詔。其四年，倭王復遣使大夫伊聲耆、掖邪拘等八人，上獻生口、倭錦、絳靑縑、緜衣、帛布、丹木、𤝔、短弓矢。掖邪狗等壹拜率善中郎將印綬。其六年，詔賜倭難升米黄幢，付郡假授。其八年，太守王頎到官。倭女王卑彌呼與狗奴國男王卑彌弓呼素不和，遣倭載斯、烏越等詣郡，說相攻擊狀。遣塞曹掾史張政等，因齎詔書、黄幢，拜假難升米爲檄告諭之。卑彌呼以死，大作冢，徑百餘步，徇葬者奴婢百餘人。更立男王，國中不服，更相誅殺，當時殺千餘人。復立卑彌呼宗女壹與，年十三爲王，國中遂定。政等以檄告喻壹與，壹與遣倭大夫率善中郎將掖邪狗等二十人送政等還，因詣臺，獻上男女生口三十人，貢白珠五千孔、靑大句珠二枚、異文雜錦二十匹。
In the first year of Zhengshi the Grand Administrator Gong Zun sent Ti Jun, the geonjung gyowi (建中校尉), and others to bear the edict and the seal and cord to the country of Wa and to invest the king of Wa with them. They also carried the gold and silk and woolen stuff and swords and mirrors and colored things granted by the edict, and the king of Wa therefore had an envoy present a memorial giving thanks for the gracious edict.
In the fourth year the king of Wa again sent eight men as envoys, the grand officers Iseonggi and Aegyagu and others, and offered people and brocade of Wa and crimson and blue silk and quilted clothes and silk and cloth and danmok (丹木) and bu (𤝔) and short bows and arrows. Aegyagu and the rest all received the seal and cord of a General of the Gentlemen of the Household Who Leads to Good.
In the sixth year an edict granted a yellow banner to Nanseungmi of Wa, and it was given over to the commandery to be granted to him.
In the eighth year Wang Qi the Grand Administrator came to his office. Himiko, queen of Wa, and Bimigungho (卑彌弓呼), the male king of the state of Guno, had never been on good terms, and she sent Jaesa and Owol of Wa and others to the commandery to tell of the state of their fighting. Zhang Zheng, clerk of the frontier office, and others were sent, and they took with them the edict and the yellow banner and granted them to Nanseungmi, and wrote out a proclamation to admonish them.
When Himiko died they made a great mound more than a hundred paces across, and more than a hundred slaves followed her into the grave. A male king was set up again, but the country would not submit, and they cut one another down and killed one another, and more than a thousand died at that time. Then they set up Ilyeo (壹與), a girl of Himiko's kin, and she became king at thirteen years old, and the country was settled at last.
Zhang Zheng and the others admonished Ilyeo with a proclamation, and Ilyeo sent twenty men, Aegyagu the grand officer of Wa and General of the Gentlemen of the Household Who Leads to Good and others, to see Zhang Zheng and the rest on their way back. So they went to the court (臺) and offered thirty men and women, and presented five thousand pierced white beads, two large blue curved beads and twenty bolts of brocade of various patterns.