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The white hare of Inaba稻羽之素菟

Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters) 古事記 · Ō no Yasumaro · 712 (Japan, 5th year of Wadō) · 3 passages · 955 Chinese characters · reading time 3.8 min

Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters) Upper Book The oldest surviving book in Japan. Three volumes, beginning with the opening of heaven and earth, passing through the age of the gods, and closing with Empress Suiko. One hundred and five songs are written in man'yōgana, so a whole text survives in which the Chinese characters carry sound alone and not meaning. It sets down the same events differently from the Nihon Shoki at many points, and is well worth reading beside it.

1The line of Susanoo and Ohokuninushi

(故)其櫛名田比賣以,久美度迩起而所生(神)名,謂八嶋士奴美神。又娶大山津見神之女,名神大市比賣,生子:大年神、次宇迦之御魂(神)。兄八嶋士奴美神,娶大山津見神之女,名木花知流比賣,生子,布波能母遲久奴須奴神。此神,娶淤迦美神之女,名日河比賣,生子,深淵之水夜礼花神。此神,娶天之都度閇知泥神,生子,淤美豆奴神。此神,娶布怒豆怒神之女,名布帝耳神,生子,天之冬衣神。此神,娶刺國大神之女,名刺國若比賣,生(子),大國主神,亦名謂大穴牟遲神,亦名謂葦原色許男神,亦名謂八千矛神,亦名謂宇都志國玉神,并有五名。

The god born when he lay with that Kushinadahime is named Yashimajinumi no Kami (八嶋士奴美神).

He also took to wife Kamuōichihime (神大市比賣), the daughter of Ohoyamatsumi no Kami, and the children born were Ohotoshi no Kami (大年神) and next Uka no Mitama no Kami (宇迦之御魂神).

The elder, Yashimajinumi no Kami, took to wife Konohanachiruhime (木花知流比賣), the daughter of Ohoyamatsumi no Kami, and the child born was Fuhanomojikunusunu no Kami (布波能母遲久奴須奴神).

This god took to wife Hikawahime (日河比賣), the daughter of Okami no Kami (淤迦美神), and the child born was Fukabuchi no Mizuyarehana no Kami (深淵之水夜礼花神).

This god took to wife Ame no Tsudohechine no Kami (天之都度閇知泥神), and the child born was Omizunu no Kami (淤美豆奴神).

This god took to wife Futemimi no Kami (布帝耳神), the daughter of Funozuno no Kami (布怒豆怒神), and the child born was Ame no Fuyukinu no Kami (天之冬衣神).

This god took to wife Sashikuniwakahime (刺國若比賣), the daughter of Sashikuni Ohokami (刺國大神), and the child born was Ohokuninushi no Kami (大國主神). His other name is Ohoanamuji no Kami (大穴牟遲神), and another name is Ashiharashikoo no Kami (葦原色許男神), and another name is Yachihoko no Kami (八千矛神), and another name is Utsushikunitama no Kami (宇都志國玉神) — five names in all.

Interlinear notes 14

自士下三字以音。下效此

The three graphs from 士 on are read for their sound. Below, all follow this.

二柱。宇迦二字以音

Two gods. The two graphs 宇迦 are read for their sound.

(此)二字以音

These two graphs are read for their sound.

夜礼二字以音

The two graphs 夜礼 are read for their sound.

上

Read with the tone raised.

自都下五字以音

The five graphs from 都 on are read for their sound.

此神名以音

This god's name is read for its sound.

此神名以音

This god's name is read for its sound.

上

Read with the tone raised.

布帝二字以音

The two graphs 布帝 are read for their sound.

上

Read with the tone raised.

牟遲二字以音

The two graphs 牟遲 are read for their sound.

色許二字以音

The two graphs 色許 are read for their sound.

宇都志三字以音

The three graphs 宇都志 are read for their sound.

2The white hare of Inaba

故,此大國主神之兄弟,八十神坐。然皆國者避於大國主神。所以避者,其八十神各有欲婚稻羽之八上比賣之心,共行稻羽時,於大穴牟遲神負帒,爲從者,率往。於是到氣多之前時,裸菟伏也。尒八十神謂其菟云:「汝將爲者,浴此海塩,當風吹而伏高山尾上。」故,其菟從八十神之教而伏,尒其塩隨乾,其身皮悉風見吹拆。故痛苦泣伏者,最後之來大穴牟遲神,見其菟言:「何由汝泣伏?」菟答言:「僕在淤岐嶋,雖欲度此地,無度因故,欺海和迩言:『吾与汝競,欲計族之多少。故汝者,隨其族在悉率來,自此嶋至于氣多前,皆列伏度。尒吾蹈其上,走乍讀度。於是知与吾族孰多。』如此言者,見欺而列伏之時,吾蹈其上,讀度來,今將下地時,吾云:『汝者我見欺!』言竟,即伏最端和迩,捕我,悉剥我衣服。因此泣患者,先行八十神之命以誨告:『浴海塩,當風伏。』故為如教者,我身悉傷。」於是大穴牟遲神,教告其菟:「今急往此水門,以水洗汝身,即取其水門之蒲黃,敷散而輾轉其上者,汝身如本膚必差。」故為如教,其身如本也。此稻羽之素菟者也,於今者謂菟神也。故其菟白大穴牟遲神:「此八十神者,必不得八上比賣。雖負帒,汝命獲之。」於是八上比賣,答八十神言:「吾者不聞汝等之言,將嫁大穴牟遲神。」

This Ohokuninushi no Kami had eighty brother gods. Yet they all gave up the land to Ohokuninushi no Kami. The reason they gave it up was this.

Each of those eighty gods had a mind to woo Yagamihime (八上比賣) of Inaba (稻羽), and when they went together to Inaba they made Ohoanamuji no Kami carry the bag and took him along as a servant.

When they came to the cape of Keta (氣多), a naked hare was lying there. The eighty gods said to the hare, "Do this. Bathe in this seawater, and lie on the top of a high mountain where the wind blows on you."

The hare lay down as the eighty gods had taught it, and as the salt dried, the skin of its whole body split in the wind. It lay weeping in pain, and Ohoanamuji no Kami, who came last of all, saw the hare and said, "Why do you lie there weeping?"

The hare answered, "I was on the island of Oki (淤岐嶋), and though I wished to cross over to this land, I had no way to cross. So I deceived the crocodiles of the sea and said, 'Let us match ourselves, you and I, and count which kin are the more. Bring all your kin out and lie in a row from this island to the cape of Keta. I will tread over you and run across, counting as I go. Then we shall know which are the more, mine or yours.'

"When I said this they were deceived and lay in a row, and I trod over them and came across, counting as I went. Just as I was about to step down onto the land I said, 'You have been tricked by me!' As soon as I had spoken, the crocodile lying at the very end seized me and stripped off all my clothing.

"While I was weeping in distress at this, the eighty gods who had passed by before told me, 'Bathe in the seawater and lie in the wind.' I did as they taught me, and my whole body was hurt."

Then Ohoanamuji no Kami taught the hare, "Go at once to that river mouth, wash your body in the fresh water, and take the pollen of the cattails at that river mouth, spread it about and roll on it. Then your body will surely heal and be as your own skin was before."

It did as it was taught, and its body was as it had been. This is the white hare of Inaba (稻羽之素菟). It is now called the hare god (菟神).

The hare said to Ohoanamuji no Kami, "These eighty gods will never win Yagamihime. Though you carry the bag, it is you who will win her."

Then Yagamihime answered the eighty gods, "I will not listen to your words. I will marry Ohoanamuji no Kami."

Interlinear notes 2

此二字以音。下效此

These two graphs are read for their sound. Below, all follow this.

和迩

和迩 — the word has long been rendered “crocodile.” Some read it as a shark, or as a sea beast, since there are no crocodiles in this sea. ― translator

3His brothers kill him twice

故尒八十神怒,欲殺大穴牟遲神,共議而至伯岐國之手間山本云:「赤猪在此山。故和礼共追下者,汝待取。若不待取者,必將殺汝。」云而,以火燒似猪大石而轉落。尒追下取時,即於其石所燒著而死。尒其御祖命哭患而參上于天,請神産巢日之命時,乃遣𧏛貝比賣与蛤貝比賣,令作活。尒𧏛貝比賣岐佐宜集而蛤貝比賣持人而塗母乳汁者,成麗壯夫而出遊行。於是八十神見,且欺率入山而切伏大樹,茹矢,打立其木,令入其中,即打離其冰目矢而拷殺也。尒亦其御祖命哭乍求者,得見,即折其木而取出活,告其子言:「汝者有此間者,遂爲八十神所滅。」乃速遣於木國之大屋毗古神之御所。尒八十神覓追臻而矢刺乞時,自木俣漏逃而云:「可參向須佐能男命所坐之根堅州國,必其大神議也。」

At this the eighty gods were angry and wished to kill Ohoanamuji no Kami. They took counsel together, and when they came to the foot of Mount Tema (手間山) in the land of Hahaki (伯岐國) they said, "There is a red boar on this mountain. We will drive it down together, and you shall wait and catch it. If you do not wait and catch it, we will surely kill you."

Then they heated a great stone shaped like a boar in the fire and rolled it down. When he went to catch what was being driven down, he was burned by that stone and stuck fast to it and died.

His mother wept in distress and went up to heaven and begged Kamumusuhi no Mikoto, who sent Kisagaihime (𧏛貝比賣) and Umugihime (蛤貝比賣) to bring him back to life. Kisagaihime scraped and gathered the shell — "kisage" — and Umugihime took it and smeared it on him like a mother's milk, and he became a fair young man and came out and went about.

The eighty gods saw this and deceived him again. They took him into the mountains, felled a great tree, drove a wedge into it and set the tree up, made him go inside the cleft, then knocked the wedge out and crushed him to death.

This time too his mother wept and searched for him, and when she found him she split the tree open at once, took him out and brought him back to life, and said to her son, "If you stay here you will be killed by the eighty gods in the end."

Then she sent him in haste to the place of Ohoyabiko no Kami (大屋毗古神) in the land of Ki (木國). When the eighty gods followed and came up and drew their bows and demanded him, Ohoyabiko no Kami let him slip away through the fork of a tree and said, "Go to Nenokatasukuni (根堅州國), where Susanoo no Mikoto is. That great god will surely think out a plan for you."

Interlinear notes 3

此二字以音

These two graphs are read for their sound.

此三字以音

These three graphs are read for their sound.

訓壯夫,云袁等古

壯夫 is read otoko.