The kingdom of Goryeo高麗國
1King Jangsu and Southern Qi
東夷高麗國，西與魏虜接界。宋末，高麗王樂浪公高璉為使持節、散騎常侍、都督營平二州諸軍事、車騎大將軍、開府儀同三司。太祖建元元年，進號驃騎大將軍。三年，遣使貢獻，乘舶汎海，使驛常通，亦使魏虜，然彊盛不受制。
The state of Goryeo among the Eastern Yi borders on the west with the Wei caitiffs (魏虜), that is the Northern Wei. At the end of Song, Go Ryeon (King Jangsu), king of Goryeo and duke of Nangnang, was made commissioner bearing the tally, cavalier attendant-in-ordinary, commander of all military affairs of the two provinces Ying and Ping, Great General of Chariots and Cavalry, and commander unequalled in honour. In the first year of Jianyuan under Taizu his title was raised to Great General of Agile Cavalry. In the third year he sent an envoy with tribute. They came by ship across the sea, and envoys and post stations were always in touch. He sent envoys to the Wei caitiffs as well, but he was strong and would not take their control.
Interlinear notes 1
太祖建元元年進號驃騎大將軍按高帝紀繫此事於建元二年四月。
"In the first year of Jianyuan under Taizu his title was raised to Great General of Agile Cavalry" — in the annals of Emperor Gao this matter is placed in the fourth month of the second year of Jianyuan.
2A quarrel over the envoys' places
虜置諸國使邸，齊使第一，高麗次之。永明七年，平南參軍顏幼明、冗從僕射劉思斅使虜。虜元會，與高麗使相次。幼明謂偽主客郎裴叔令曰：「我等銜命上華，來造卿國。所為抗敵，在乎一魏。自餘外夷，理不得望我鑣塵。況東夷小貊，臣屬朝廷，今日乃敢與我躡踵。」思斅謂偽南部尚書李思沖曰：「我聖朝處魏使，未嘗與小國列，卿亦應知。」思沖曰：「實如此。但主副不得升殿耳。此閒坐起甚高，足以相報。」思斅曰：「李道固昔使，正以衣冠致隔耳。魏國必纓冕而至，豈容見黜。」幼明又謂虜主曰：「二國相亞，唯齊與魏。邊境小狄，敢躡臣蹤。」
The barbarians, that is the Northern Wei, set up residences for the envoys of the several states, and the envoy of Qi was first and Goryeo came next. In the seventh year of Yongming, Yan Youming, adjutant of the Pacifying the South command, and Liu Sixiao, supernumerary supervisor of the Attendant Cavalry, went as envoys to the barbarians. At the barbarians' New Year court they were set to stand side by side with the envoy of Goryeo. Youming said to Pei Shuling, gentleman of guests in that false court, "We bear the command of the higher realm and have come to your country. The one match we have to stand against is Wei alone. All the other foreign Yi may not by right so much as look upon the dust of our carriage wheels. How much less the little Maek (貊) of the Eastern Yi, who are subject as vassals to our court, and who today dare set their heels beside ours."
Sixiao said to Li Sichong, minister of the southern section in that false court, "Our sacred court, in receiving the envoys of Wei, has never set them in line with a small country, as you too must know." Sichong said, "It is truly so. Only, the chief envoy and the second envoy may not go up into the hall. Here their seats are set very high, and that is repayment enough." Sixiao said, "When Li Daogu came as envoy long ago, it was simply his cap and gown that shut him out. If Wei comes with cap-strings and a crown in proper form, how could it be thrust aside?"
Youming said again to the ruler of the barbarians, "The two states that stand next to each other are Qi and Wei alone, and now a little Di from the border dares tread on your servant's footsteps."
3What is that on your head?
高麗俗服窮袴，冠折風一梁，謂之幘。知讀五經。使人在京師，中書郎王融戯之曰：「服之不衷，身之災也。頭上定是何物？」答曰：「此即古弁之遺像也。」
The custom of Goryeo is to wear narrow trousers and a cap of jeolpung (折風) with a single ridge, which they call a jaek (幘). They can read the Five Classics. While an envoy was in the capital, Wang Rong, gentleman of the Secretariat, made game of him and said, "It is said that when clothes do not fit the body, they are a calamity to the body. What in the world is that on your head?" He answered, "This is what is left of the shape of the ancient byeon (弁) cap."
4Go Ryeon dies — a leaf is missing
高璉年百餘歲卒。隆昌元年，以高麗王樂浪公高雲為使持節、散騎常侍、都督營平二州諸軍事、征東大將軍、高麗王、樂浪公。建武三年，報功勞勤，實存名烈。假行寧朔將軍臣姐瑾等四人，振竭忠効，攘除國難，志勇果毅，等威名將，可謂扞城，固蕃社稷，論功料勤，宜在甄顯。
Go Ryeon died at more than a hundred years of age. In the first year of Longchang, Go Un (King Munjamyeong), king of Goryeo and duke of Nangnang, was made commissioner bearing the tally, cavalier attendant-in-ordinary, commander of all military affairs of the two provinces Ying and Ping, Great General Who Conquers the East, king of Goryeo, and duke of Nangnang.
In the third year of Jianwu — 〔here one leaf of the source is missing, so that the latter part of the account of Goryeo and the earlier part of the account of Baekje are gone. What follows is a fragment from the middle of a memorial of Modae, king of Baekje.〕 —
"…To repay merit and diligence is truly the way to preserve names and deeds. Your servant Jeogeun, acting General Who Quiets the North by provisional grant, and three others have shaken out their loyal service and driven off the troubles of the country. Their will and their courage are bold and firm, their awe is a match for famous generals, and they may be called a shielding wall. They have made firm the hedge of the altars of the state. If merit is weighed and diligence measured, it is fitting that they be marked out and made known.…"
Interlinear notes 3
原闕
The source is missing here.
建武三年原闕此下缺一頁，脫高麗傳之下半篇，百濟傳之上半篇，各本同。原本每頁十八行，每行十八字。按元龜九百六十八：「明帝建武三年，高麗王、樂浪公遣使貢獻。」明帝紀不載，當亦為高麗傳缺頁中佚文。又建康實錄南齊高麗傳有：「其官位加（？）長史、司馬、參軍之屬。拜則申一腳，坐則跪，行則走，以為恭敬。國有銀山，採為貨，並人參貂皮。重中國綵纈，丈夫衣之。亦重虎皮。」疑亦南齊書高麗傳缺頁中佚文也。又元龜九百六十三：「齊高帝建元二年三月，百濟王牟都遣使貢獻。詔曰：『寶命維新，澤被絕域。牟都世藩東表，守職遐外，可即授使持節都督百濟諸軍事、鎮東大將軍。』」當亦為百濟傳缺頁中佚文。
Below "in the third year of Jianwu" the source is missing — one leaf is gone here, so that the latter half of the account of Goryeo and the first half of the account of Baekje are lost, and every edition is the same. The original has eighteen lines to a leaf and eighteen characters to a line. The Cefu yuangui, book 968, says, "In the third year of Jianwu under Emperor Ming, the king of Goryeo and duke of Nangnang sent an envoy with tribute," but this is not in the annals of Emperor Ming, so it too must be lost text from the missing leaf of the account of Goryeo. The Jiankang shilu, in its account of Goryeo under Southern Qi, has, "To their official ranks they add such posts as chief clerk, marshal and adjutant. When they bow they stretch out one leg; when they sit they kneel; when they go about they run, and they take this for respect. The country has a silver mountain, and they mine it for goods, along with ginseng and sable skins. They prize the dyed and patterned silks of China, and the men wear them. They prize tiger skins as well." This too seems to be lost text from the missing leaf of the account of Goryeo in the Nan Qi shu. Again the Cefu yuangui, book 963, says, "In the third month of the second year of Jianyuan under Emperor Gao of Qi, Modo, king of Baekje, sent an envoy with tribute. The edict said, 'The precious mandate is made new, and its bounty covers the farthest regions. Modo has been a vassal of the eastern lands age after age and has kept his charge far beyond our borders. He may be granted at once the titles of commissioner bearing the tally, commander of all military affairs of Baekje, and Great General Who Guards the East.'" This too must be lost text from the missing leaf of the account of Baekje.
等威名將「威」原譌「截」，各本不譌，今改正。
In "their awe is a match for famous generals (等威名將)" the character 威 was wrongly written 截 in the original, while the several editions are not wrong, and it is now corrected.
5Jeogeun and the four kings and marquises
今依例輒假行職。伏願恩愍，聽除所假。寧朔將軍、面中王姐瑾，歷贊時務，武功竝列，今假行冠軍將軍、都將軍、都漢王。建威將軍、八中侯餘古，弱冠輔佐，忠効夙著，今假行寧朔將軍、阿錯王。建威將軍餘歷，忠款有素，文武列顯，今假行龍驤將軍、邁盧王。廣武將軍餘固，忠効時務，光宣國政，今假行建威將軍、弗斯侯。」
"…Now, following precedent, I have granted them acting posts for the time being. I bow low and beg that you look on them with favour and allow the posts I granted to be granted in proper form. Jeogeun, General Who Quiets the North and king of Myeonjung, has helped in the affairs of the time throughout, and his military merits are set out together; now I call him acting General of the Crowning Army, chief general and king of Dohan by provisional grant. Yeo Go, General Who Establishes Awe and marquis of Paljung, gave his help at the age of twenty and his loyal service showed early; now I call him acting General Who Quiets the North and king of Achak by provisional grant. Yeo Ryeok, General Who Establishes Awe, has been loyal and sincere from the first and is plain in both the civil and the military way; now I call him acting General of the Soaring Dragon and king of Maero by provisional grant. Yeo Go (餘固), General of Broad Valor, has given his loyalty to the affairs of the time and made the government of the country bright; now I call him acting General Who Establishes Awe and marquis of Bulsa by provisional grant."
6Go Dal, Yang Mu and Hoemae
牟大又表曰：「臣所遣行建威將軍、廣陽太守、兼長史臣高達，行建威將軍、朝鮮太守、兼司馬臣楊茂，行宣威將軍、兼參軍臣會邁等三人，志行清亮，忠款夙著。往泰始中，比使宋朝，今任臣使，冒涉波險，尋其至効，宜在進爵，謹依先例，各假行職。且玄澤靈休，萬里所企，況親趾天庭，乃不蒙賴。伏願天監特愍除正。達邊効夙著，勤勞公務，今假行龍驤將軍、帶方太守。茂志行清壹，公務不廢，今假行建威將軍、廣陵太守。（萬）〔邁〕執志周密，屢致勤効，今假行廣武將軍、清河太守。」詔可，竝賜軍號，除太守。為使持節、都督百濟諸軍事、鎮東大將軍。
Modae also sent up a memorial. "Your servants Go Dal, acting General Who Establishes Awe, governor of Guangyang and concurrently chief clerk; Yang Mu, acting General Who Establishes Awe, governor of Joseon and concurrently marshal; and Hoemae, acting General Who Proclaims Awe and concurrently adjutant — these three are clear and trustworthy in will and in conduct, and their loyalty has shown itself early. In the Taishi years they went one after another as envoys to the court of Song, and now they have taken on my embassy and braved the peril of the waves. If their utmost service is weighed, their rank ought to be raised. Following the earlier precedent I have granted each of them an acting post. Moreover the dark bounty and the blessing of the spirits are what men ten thousand li away look up to; how much more those who have themselves set foot in the court of Heaven, and yet have had no share in the favour. I bow low and beg that Heaven's regard grant them in particular the posts in proper form. Dal's service on the border showed early and he is diligent in public duty; now I call him acting General of the Soaring Dragon and governor of Daebang by provisional grant. Mu is clear and single in will and in conduct and does not neglect public duty; now I call him acting General Who Establishes Awe and governor of Guangling by provisional grant. Mae holds to his purpose closely and carefully and has again and again brought diligent service to its end; now I call him acting General of Broad Valor and governor of Qinghe by provisional grant."
The edict allowed it, granted them military titles as well, and appointed them governors. Modae was then made commissioner bearing the tally, commander of all military affairs of Baekje, and Great General Who Guards the East.
Interlinear notes 3
牟大又表曰按「牟大」通志及元龜並作「牟太」。又元龜九百六十三：「齊武帝永明八年正月，百濟王牟太遣使上表，遣謁僕射孫副策命」，知上此表在永明八年正月也。
"Modae also sent up a memorial" — for "Modae" the Tongzhi and the Cefu yuangui both have "Motae." Again the Cefu yuangui, book 963, says, "In the first month of the eighth year of Yongming under Emperor Wu of Qi, Motae, king of Baekje, sent an envoy with a memorial, and the supervisor of the ushers Sun Fu was sent to invest him." From this it is known that this memorial was sent up in the first month of the eighth year of Yongming.
往泰始中「泰始」原譌「太始」，各本並譌，今改正。
In "in the Taishi years (泰始)" the word 泰始 was wrongly written 太始 in the original, and every edition is wrong, so it is now corrected.
（萬）〔邁〕執志周密據南監本、殿本、局本改。按邁即上所云之會邁也。
"(萬)〔邁〕holds to his purpose closely and carefully" is corrected after the Nanjian, Dian and Ju editions. Mae is the Hoemae named above.
7Modae is invested
使兼謁者僕射孫副策命大襲亡祖父牟都為百濟王。曰：「於戲！惟爾世襲忠懃，誠著遐表，滄路肅澄，要貢無替。式循彝典，用纂顯命。往欽哉！其敬膺休業，可不慎歟！制詔行都督百濟諸軍事、鎮東大將軍百濟王牟大今以大襲祖父牟都為百濟王，即位章綬等玉銅虎竹符四。〔王〕其拜受，不亦休乎！」
Sun Fu, concurrently supervisor of the ushers, was sent to invest Modae, so that he should succeed his dead grandfather Modo as king of Baekje. It said, "Ah! Age after age you have carried on loyalty and diligence, and your sincerity has shown itself to the farthest reaches. The sea road is clear and calm, and the tribute has never failed. Follow the constant rule and take up the manifest command. Go and be reverent! Receive this fair charge with respect. Can you be other than careful! By this decree: Modae, acting commander of all military affairs of Baekje, Great General Who Guards the East and king of Baekje, now succeeds his grandfather Modo as king of Baekje, and receives the seal and cord of his accession and four tallies of jade, of bronze tiger form and of bamboo. 〔The king〕 shall bow and receive them. Is this not fair indeed!"
Interlinear notes 3
為使持節都督百濟諸軍事鎮東大將軍按此句上有奪文。
"He was made commissioner bearing the tally, commander of all military affairs of Baekje, and Great General Who Guards the East" — there is text lost above this sentence.
即位章綬等玉銅虎竹符四按此句疑有脫誤。
"the seal and cord of his accession and four tallies of jade, of bronze tiger form and of bamboo" — this sentence seems to have something dropped or wrong in it.
〔王〕其拜受據南監本、殿本、局本補。
The character for king in "〔the king〕 shall bow and receive them" is supplied after the Nanjian, Dian and Ju editions.
8They break several hundred thousand horsemen
是歲，魏虜又發騎數十萬攻百濟，入其界，牟大遣將沙法名、贊首流、解禮昆、木干那率眾襲擊虜軍，大破之。建武二年，牟大遣使上表曰：「臣自昔受封，世被朝榮，忝荷節鉞，剋攘列辟。往姐瑾等竝蒙光除，臣庶咸泰。去庚午年，獫狁弗悛，舉兵深逼。臣遣沙法名等領軍逆討，宵襲霆擊，匈梨張惶，崩若海蕩。乘奔追斬，僵尸丹野。由是摧其銳氣，鯨暴韜凶。今邦宇謐靜，實名等之略，尋其功勳，宜在褒顯。今假沙法名行征虜將軍、邁羅王，贊首流為行安國將軍、辟中王，解禮昆為行武威將軍、弗中侯，木干那前有軍功，又拔臺舫，為行廣威將軍、面中侯。伏願天恩特愍聽除。」又表曰：「臣所遣行龍驤將軍、樂浪太守兼長史臣慕遺，行建武將軍、城陽太守兼司馬臣王茂，兼參軍、行振武將軍、朝鮮太守臣張塞，行揚武將軍陳明，在官忘私，唯公是務，見危授命，蹈難弗顧。今任臣使，冒涉波險，盡其至誠。實宜進爵，各假行署。伏願聖朝特賜除正。」詔可，竝賜軍號。
In this year the Wei caitiffs again raised several hundred thousand horsemen and attacked Baekje and entered its borders, and Modae sent his generals Sabeopmyeong, Chansuryu, Haeryegon and Mokganna to lead the host and fall upon the army of the barbarians, and they broke it utterly.
In the second year of Jianwu, Modae sent an envoy with a memorial. "Since of old your servant has received his enfeoffment and has had the glory of the court age after age, and unworthy as I am I have borne the tally and the axe and have driven off the several enemies. Lately Jeogeun and the others all received your bright appointments, and officers and people alike were at peace. In the gyeongo year just past the Xianyun, that is the Northern Wei, did not repent and raised troops and pressed deep upon us. Your servant sent Sabeopmyeong and the others to lead troops and meet and strike them. They fell on them by night and struck like thunder, and the Xiongli (匈梨) were thrown into confusion and collapsed as though the sea were overturned. Riding on their flight we pursued and cut them down, and the corpses reddened the fields. By this their keen spirit was broken, and what had raged like a whale hid away its cruelty. Now the land is quiet and still, and this is truly the planning of Beopmyeong and the others. If their merit is sought out, it is fitting that they be praised and made known. Now I make Sabeopmyeong acting General Who Conquers the Caitiffs and king of Maera by provisional grant; Chansuryu acting General Who Pacifies the State and king of Byeokjung; Haeryegon acting General of Martial Awe and marquis of Buljung; and Mokganna, who had military merit before and took besides a tower and ships, acting General of Broad Awe and marquis of Myeonjung. I bow low and beg that by Heaven's grace you look on them in particular and allow the appointments."
He sent up another memorial. "Your servants Moyu, acting General of the Soaring Dragon, governor of Nangnang and concurrently chief clerk; Wangmu, acting General Who Establishes Valor, governor of Chengyang and concurrently marshal; Jangsae, concurrently adjutant, acting General Who Rouses Valor and governor of Joseon; and Jinmyeong, acting General Who Displays Valor, forget their own affairs while in office and give themselves to public duty alone. Seeing danger they hand over their lives, and they tread upon hardship without a backward look. Now they have taken on my embassy and braved the peril of the waves and have given their utmost sincerity. Truly their rank ought to be raised, and I have granted each of them an acting office. I bow low and beg that the sacred court grant them in particular the posts in proper form."
The edict allowed it and granted them military titles as well.
Interlinear notes 1
匈梨張惶「梨」南監本作「犁」。漢書匈奴傳，其國稱單于曰撐犂孤塗單于。匈奴謂天為撐犂，謂子為孤塗，單于者，廣大之貌也。匈棃猶言匈奴單于，棃犂通。
In "the Xiongli (匈梨) were thrown into confusion" the character 梨 is written 犁 in the Nanjian edition. In the account of the Xiongnu in the Han shu, that country calls its chief the Chengli Gutu Chanyu (撐犂孤塗單于); the Xiongnu call Heaven chengli and a son gutu, and chanyu means vast and great. Xiongli is like saying the Chanyu of the Xiongnu, and 棃 and 犂 are interchangeable.