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The Great Wilds: East大荒東經

Shanhaijing (The Classic of Mountains and Seas) 山海經 · Unknown · commentary by Guo Pu · Warring States to Western Han (commentary, 4th century) · 36 passages · 992 Chinese characters · reading time 4.0 min

Shanhaijing (The Classic of Mountains and Seas) Classic of the Seas — The Great Wilds, East The oldest geography of the lands beyond the mountains and outside the seas, and a storehouse of myth. No single hand made it: it took shape from the Warring States down to the Han through many hands, and in the fourth century Guo Pu set his commentary to it. The nine-tailed fox, the jingwei bird, Kuafu, Xingtian and Xiwangmu all come from here. "Within the Eastern Sea, in a corner of the Northern Sea, there is a land named Joseon" — one of the earliest records in which the name Joseon survives stands in this book.

東海之外大壑,少昊之國。少昊孺帝顓頊于此,棄其琴瑟。有甘山者,甘水出焉,生甘淵。

In the great gulf beyond the Eastern Sea lies the land of Shaohao. Here Shaohao reared Zhuanxu, and he threw away his qin and his se. There is a Mount Gan, and the Gan River rises from it and forms the Gan pool.

東海之外,甘水之閒,有羲和之國。有女子名曰羲和,方浴日于甘淵。羲和者,帝俊之妻,是生十日。

Beyond the Eastern Sea, among the waters of the Gan, lies the land of Xihe. There is a woman named Xihe, and she is bathing the suns in the Gan pool. Xihe is the wife of Dijun, and she gave birth to the ten suns.

大荒東南隅有山,名皮母地丘。

In the southeastern corner of the Great Wilds there is a mountain named Pimudiqiu.

東海之外,大荒之中,有山名曰大言,日月所出。

Beyond the Eastern Sea, within the Great Wilds, there is a mountain named Dayan. It is where the sun and the moon come out.

有波谷山者,有大人之國。有大人之市,名曰大人之堂。有一大人踆其上,張其兩臂。

There is a Mount Bogu, and there is the land of the Daren. There is a market of the Daren, and it is called the hall of the Daren. One of the Daren squats on top of it with his two arms spread wide.

有小人國,名靖人。

There is a land of little people, and they are called Jingren.

有神,人面獸身,名曰犁𩵀之尸。

There is a god with a human face and the body of a beast, and he is called the corpse of Liling.

有潏山,楊水出焉。

There is Mount Yu, and the Yang River rises from it.

有蒍國,黍食,使四鳥:虎、豹、熊、羆。

There is the land of Wei. They eat millet and drive four birds: the tiger, the leopard, the bear, and the brown bear.

大荒之中,有山名曰合虛,日月所出。

Within the Great Wilds there is a mountain named Hexu. It is where the sun and the moon come out.

有中容之國。帝俊生中容,中容人食獸、木實,使四鳥:豹、虎、熊、羆。

There is the land of Zhongrong. Dijun fathered Zhongrong. The people of Zhongrong eat beasts and the fruits of trees, and they drive four birds: the leopard, the tiger, the bear, and the brown bear.

有東口之山。有君子之國,其人衣冠帶劍。

There is Mount Dongkou. There is the land of Junzi, and its people wear robes and caps and gird on swords.

有司幽之國。帝俊生晏龍,晏龍生司幽,司幽生思士,不妻;思女,不夫。食黍,食獸,是使四鳥。

There is the land of Siyou. Dijun fathered Yanlong, Yanlong fathered Siyou, and Siyou fathered Sishi, who took no wife, and Sinü, who took no husband. They eat millet and eat beasts, and they drive four birds.

有大阿之山者。

There is a Mount Da'e.

大荒中有山名曰明星,日月所出。

Within the Great Wilds there is a mountain named Mingxing. It is where the sun and the moon come out.

有白民之國。帝俊生帝鴻,帝鴻生白民,白民銷姓,黍食,使四鳥:虎、豹、熊、羆。

There is the land of Baimin. Dijun fathered Dihong, and Dihong fathered Baimin. Baimin is of the Xiao clan. They eat millet and drive four birds: the tiger, the leopard, the bear, and the brown bear.

有青丘之國,有狐,九尾。

There is the land of Qingqiu, and there are foxes there with nine tails.

有柔僕民,是維嬴土之國。

There are the Roupu people, and theirs is the land of Yingtu.

有黑齒之國。帝俊生黑齒,姜姓,黍食,使四鳥。

There is the land of Heichi. Dijun fathered Heichi, who is of the Jiang clan. They eat millet and drive four birds.

有夏州之國。有蓋余之國。

There is the land of Xiazhou. There is the land of Gaiyu.

有神人,八首人面,虎身十尾,名曰天吳。

There is a divine man with eight heads and human faces, the body of a tiger, and ten tails. He is called Tianwu.

大荒之中,有山名曰鞠陵于天、東極、離瞀,日月所出。名曰折丹──東方曰折,來風曰俊──處東極以出入風。

Within the Great Wilds there is a mountain named Julingyutian, and also Dongji, and also Limao. It is where the sun and the moon come out. There is one named Zhedan — the east is called Zhe, and the wind that comes is called Jun — and he dwells at the eastern limit and lets the winds come and go.

東海之渚中,有神,人面鳥身,珥兩黃蛇,踐兩黃蛇,名曰禺䝞。黃帝生禺禺䝞,禺禺䝞生禺京,禺京處北海,禺䝞處東海,是為海神。

On a sandbank in the Eastern Sea there is a god with a human face and the body of a bird. He wears two yellow snakes at his ears and treads on two yellow snakes, and he is called Yuhao. The Yellow Emperor fathered Yuhao, and Yuhao fathered Yujing. Yujing dwells in the Northern Sea and Yuhao dwells in the Eastern Sea, and they are the gods of the seas.

有招搖山,融水出焉。有國曰玄股,黍食,使四鳥。

There is Mount Zhaoyao, and the Rong River rises from it. There is a land called Xuangu. They eat millet and drive four birds.

有困民國,勾姓,黍食。有人曰王亥,兩手操鳥,方食其頭。王亥托于有易、河伯僕牛。有易殺王亥,取僕牛。河伯念有易,有易潛出,為國于獸,方食之,名曰搖民。帝舜生戲,戲生搖民。

There is the land of Kunmin, of the Gou clan, and they eat millet. There is a man called Wang Hai. He holds a bird in his two hands and is eating its head. Wang Hai left his oxen in the keeping of Youyi and Hebo. Youyi killed Wang Hai and took the oxen. Hebo took pity on Youyi, and Youyi slipped away in secret and founded a land among the beasts, and there he eats them. They are called Yaomin. Shun fathered Xi, and Xi fathered Yaomin.

海內有兩人,名曰女丑。女丑有大蟹。

Within the seas there are two people called Nüchou. Nüchou has a great crab.

大荒之中,有山名曰孽搖頵羝,上有扶木,柱三百里,其葉如芥。有谷曰溫源谷。湯谷上有扶木。一日方至,一日方出,皆載于烏。

Within the Great Wilds there is a mountain named Nieyaoyundi. On top of it there is the fumu tree, whose trunk runs three hundred li, and its leaves are like mustard leaves. There is a valley called the valley of Wenyuan. Above Tanggu there is the fumu tree. As one sun arrives, another sun goes out, and both are carried by crows.

有神,人面、犬耳、獸身,珥兩青蛇,名曰奢比尸。

There is a god with a human face, the ears of a dog, and the body of a beast. He wears two green snakes at his ears, and he is called the corpse of Shebi.

有五采之鳥,相鄉棄沙。惟帝俊下友。帝下兩壇,采鳥是司。

There are birds of five colors, and they face one another and dance. Dijun alone comes down and befriends them. The two altars the High God set below are in the keeping of these birds of five colors.

大荒之中,有山名猗天蘇門,日月所生。有壎民之國。

Within the Great Wilds there is a mountain named Yitiansumen. It is where the sun and the moon are born. There is the land of Xunmin.

有綦山。又有搖山。有䰝山,又有門戶山。又有盛山。又有待山。有五采之鳥。

There is Mount Qi. There is also Mount Yao. There is Mount Zeng, and also Mount Menhu. There is also Mount Sheng. There is also Mount Dai. There are birds of five colors.

東荒之中,有山名曰壑明俊疾,日月所出。有中容之國。

Within the Eastern Wilds there is a mountain named Hemingjunji. It is where the sun and the moon come out. There is the land of Zhongrong.

東北海外,又有三青馬、三騅、甘華。爰有遺玉、三青鳥、三騅、視肉、甘華、甘柤,百穀所在。

Beyond the northeastern sea there are also three green horses, Sanzhui, and ganhua. Here there are youyu jade, three green birds, Sanzhui, shirou, ganhua, and ganzha, and it is where the hundred grains are.

有女和月母之國。有人名曰𪂧,北方曰𪂧,來風曰𤟇,是處東北隅以止日月,使無相閒出沒,司其短長。

There is the land of Nühe Yuemu. There is a man named Wan. The north is called Wan, and the wind that comes is called Yan. He dwells in the northeastern corner and holds back the sun and the moon, so that they rise and set at intervals apart from each other, and he governs whether their course is short or long.

大荒東北隅中,有山名曰凶犁土丘。應龍出南極,殺蚩尤與夸父,不得復上。故下數旱,旱而為應龍之狀,乃得大雨。

Within the northeastern corner of the Great Wilds there is a mountain named Xionglituqiu. The Yinglong came out at the southern limit and killed Chiyou and Kuafu, and he could not go back up. So there are often droughts below, and when there is a drought, people must take on the shape of the Yinglong to get a great rain.

東海中有流波山,入海七千里。其上有獸,狀如牛,蒼身而無角,一足,出入水則必風雨,其光如日月,其聲如雷,其名曰夔。黃帝得之,以其皮為鼓,橛以雷獸之骨,聲聞五百里,以威天下。

In the Eastern Sea there is Mount Liubo, seven thousand li out into the sea. On top of it there is a beast shaped like an ox. Its body is green, it has no horns, and it has one foot. Whenever it goes into the water or comes out, wind and rain must follow. Its light is like the sun and the moon, and its voice is like thunder. It is called the Kui. The Yellow Emperor got one and made a drum of its hide, and he beat it with the bone of the thunder beast. The sound was heard for five hundred li, and with it he overawed all under heaven.