Virtuous Conduct世説新語 德行第一

《汝南先賢傳》曰：「陳蕃字仲舉，汝南平輿人。有室荒蕪不掃除，曰：『大丈夫當爲國家掃天下。』値漢桓之末，閹豎用事，外戚豪橫。及拜太傅，與大將軍竇武謀誅宦官，反爲所害。」

The Runan xianxian zhuan says, "Chen Fan's courtesy name was Zhongju; he was a man of Pingyu in Runan. His room was rank and untidy and he would not sweep it, and he said, 'A great man ought to sweep the realm clean for the state.' He met the last years of Emperor Huan of the Han, when the eunuchs held power and the imperial in-laws were overbearing. When he was made Grand Tutor, he plotted with the Grand General Dou Wu to put the eunuchs to death, and was himself destroyed instead."

《海内先賢傳》曰：「蕃爲尚書，以忠正忤貴戚，不得在臺，遷豫章太守。」

The Hainei xianxian zhuan says, "Fan was Master of Writing, and his loyalty and uprightness crossed the noble in-laws. He could not stay at court, and was moved to be Governor of Yuzhang."

謝承《後漢書》曰：「徐穉字孺子，豫章南昌人。淸妙髙跱，超世絶俗。前後爲諸公所辟，雖不就，及其死，萬里赴弔。常豫炙鷄一隻，以綿漬酒中，㬥乾以裹鷄，徑到所赴冢隧外，以水漬綿，斗米飯，白茅爲藉，以鷄置前。酹酒畢，留謁即去，不見喪主。」

Xie Cheng's Hou Han shu says, "Xu Zhi's courtesy name was Ruzi; he was a man of Nanchang in Yuzhang. He was pure and subtle, standing high above the age and cutting himself off from common ways. Time and again the great officers summoned him, and though he did not go, when they died he traveled ten thousand li to mourn them. He would always roast a chicken beforehand, soak silk floss in wine, dry it in the sun, and wrap the chicken in it. He would go straight to the path outside the tomb he had come to mourn at, soak the floss in water, cook a peck of rice, spread white thatch grass for a mat, and set the chicken before him. When he had poured out the wine, he left only a card asking to be received and went away at once, without meeting the chief mourner."

許叔重曰：「商容，殷之賢人，老子師也。」車上跽曰式。」

Xu Shuzhong said, "Shangrong was a worthy man of the Yin and the teacher of Laozi." To kneel in a carriage is called shi.

袁宏《漢紀》曰：「蕃在豫章，爲穉獨設一榻，去則懸之，見禮如此。」

Yuan Hong's Han ji says, "While Fan was in Yuzhang he set out a single couch for Zhi alone, and hung it up when Zhi left. Such was the honor he showed him."

子居別見《典略》曰：「黃憲字叔度，汝南愼陽人。時論者咸云『顏子復生』。而族出孤鄙，父爲牛醫。潁川荀季和執憲手曰：『足下吾師範也。』後見袁奉髙曰：『卿國有顏子，寧知之乎？』奉髙曰：『卿見吾叔度邪？』戴良少所服下，見憲則自降簿，悵然若有所失。母問：『汝何不樂乎？復從牛醫兒所來邪？』良曰：『瞻之在前，忽焉在後，所謂良之師也。』」

Ziju appears elsewhere. The Dianlüe says, "Huang Xian's courtesy name was Shudu; he was a man of Shenyang in Runan. Those who judged men at the time all said, 'Yan Hui has been born again.' Yet his family came of a lowly and out-of-the-way stock, and his father was a cattle doctor. Xun Jihe of Yingchuan took Xian by the hand and said, 'You, sir, are my teacher and my model.' Later he saw Yuan Fenggao and said, 'Your country has a Yan Hui. Do you know it?' Fenggao said, 'Have you seen our Shudu?' Dai Liang seldom yielded to anyone, but when he saw Xian he lowered himself, and went away downcast as though he had lost something. His mother asked, 'Why are you not happy? Have you come again from the cattle doctor's son?' Liang said, 'I look up and he is before me; of a sudden he is behind me. He is what one would call my teacher.'"

《續漢書》曰：「郭泰字林宗，太原介休人。泰少孤，年二十，行學至成皋屈伯彦精廬。乏食，衣不蓋形，而處約味道，不改其樂。李元禮一見稱之曰：『吾見士多矣，無如林宗者也。』及卒，蔡伯喈爲作碑，曰：『吾爲人作銘，未嘗不有慚容，唯爲郭有道碑頌無愧耳。』初，以有道君子徴。泰曰：『吾觀乾象人事，天之所廢不可支也。』遂辭以疾。」《汝南先賢傳》曰：「袁宏字奉髙，愼陽人。友黃叔度於童齒，薦陳仲舉於家巷。辟太尉掾，卒。」

The Xu Han shu says, "Guo Tai's courtesy name was Linzong; he was a man of Jiexiu in Taiyuan. Tai lost his father young, and at twenty he set out to study and came to Qu Boyan's school at Chenggao. He lacked food and his clothes did not cover him, yet he lived frugally and savored the Way, and did not change his joy in it. Li Yuanli saw him once and praised him, saying, 'I have seen many scholars, but none like Linzong.' When he died, Cai Bojie wrote the stone for him and said, 'Whenever I have written an inscription for a man, I have never been without a look of shame. Only for the stone of Guo Youdao do I feel none.' At first he was summoned as a gentleman of the Way. Tai said, 'When I look at the signs of heaven and the affairs of men, what heaven casts away cannot be held up,' and he declined, pleading illness." The Runan xianxian zhuan says, "Yuan Hong's courtesy name was Fenggao; he was a man of Shenyang. He was a friend of Huang Shudu from childhood, and he recommended Chen Zhongju in his own lane. He was called to be an aide to the Grand Commandant, and died."

《泰別傳》曰：「薛恭祖問之，泰曰：『奉髙之器，譬諸汎濫，雖淸易挹也。』」

The Tai biezhuan says, "Xue Gongzu asked him about it, and Tai said, 'Fenggao's vessel may be likened to a flood of water. Clear it is, but it is easily dipped out.'"

薛瑩《後漢書》曰：「李膺字元禮，潁川襄城人。抗志淸妙，有文武雋才。遷司隸校尉，爲黨事自殺。」

Xue Ying's Hou Han shu says, "Li Ying's courtesy name was Yuanli; he was a man of Xiangcheng in Yingchuan. He held his will high and was pure and subtle, and he had rare gifts in letters and in arms. He was moved up to be Colonel Director of Retainers, and took his own life over the affair of the factions."

《三秦記》曰：「龍門，一名河津，去長安九百里。水懸絶，龜魚之屬莫能上，上則化爲龍矣。」

The Sanqin ji says, "The Dragon Gate has another name, Hejin. It lies nine hundred li from Chang'an. There the water hangs sheer, and none of the turtles and fishes can climb it. If one climbs it, it turns into a dragon."

《先賢行狀》曰：「荀淑，字季和，潁川潁陰人也。所拔韋褐芻牧之中，執案刀筆之吏，皆爲英彦。舉方正，補朗陵侯相，所在流化。鍾皓字季明，潁川長社人。父、祖至德著名。皓髙風承世，除林慮長，不之官。人位不足，天爵有餘。」

The Xianxian xingzhuang says, "Xun Shu's courtesy name was Jihe; he was a man of Yingyin in Yingchuan. Those he drew out from among men in coarse cloth who cut fodder and herded beasts, and from among the clerks who handled the documents, all became men of mark. He was recommended as upright and true and was appointed chancellor to the Marquis of Langling, and his teaching flowed wherever he was. Zhong Hao's courtesy name was Jiming; he was a man of Zhangshe in Yingchuan. His father and his grandfather were known for their utmost virtue. Hao carried on the high manner of his house for his own age. He was chosen magistrate of Linlü, but did not take up the post. His rank among men fell short, but the rank heaven gave him was more than enough."

《海内先賢傳》曰：「潁川先輩，爲海内所師者：定陵陳穉叔、潁陰荀淑、長社鍾皓。少府李膺宗此三君，常言：『荀君淸識難尚，陳鍾至德可師。』」

The Hainei xianxian zhuan says, "The elders of Yingchuan whom all within the seas took for teachers were Chen Zhishu of Dingling, Xun Shu of Yingyin, and Zhong Hao of Zhangshe. Li Ying, the Privy Treasurer, honored these three men and used to say, 'Master Xun's clear discernment is hard to match; Master Chen and Master Zhong's utmost virtue can be taken for a teacher.'"

陳寔字仲弓，潁川許昌人。爲聞喜令、太丘長，風化宣流。

Chen Shi's courtesy name was Zhonggong; he was a man of Xuchang in Yingchuan. He was magistrate of Wenxi and magistrate of Taiqiu, and his teaching spread far.

《先賢行狀》曰：「陳紀字元方，寔長子也。至德絶俗，與寔髙名並著，而弟諶又配之。毎宰府辟召，羔鴈成群，世號『三君』，百城皆圖畫。」

The Xianxian xingzhuang says, "Chen Ji's courtesy name was Yuanfang; he was Shi's eldest son. His utmost virtue set him apart from the common world, and his name stood high beside Shi's, while his younger brother Chen Chen matched them as well. Each time the ministers' offices summoned them, the gifts of lamb and goose came in flocks. The age called them the Three Lords, and every city painted their likenesses."

張璠《漢紀》曰：「淑有八子：儉、鯤、靖、燾、汪、爽、肅、敷。淑居西豪里，縣令苑康曰，『昔髙陽氏有才子八人』，遂署其里爲『髙陽里』。時人號曰『八龍』。」

Zhang Fan's Han ji says, "Shu had eight sons: Jian, Kun, Jing, Tao, Wang, Shuang, Su, and Fu. Shu lived in Xihao lane, and the county magistrate Yuan Kang said, 'Of old the house of Gaoyang had eight gifted sons,' and so he named the lane Gaoyang Lane. People of the time called them the Eight Dragons."

檀道鸞《續晉陽秋》曰：「陳仲弓從諸子姪造荀父子，於時德星聚，太史奏：『五百里賢人聚。』」

Tan Daoluan's Xu Jinyang qiu says, "Chen Zhonggong took his sons and nephews to call on Xun and his sons, and at that time the stars of virtue gathered. The Grand Astrologer reported, 'Worthy men are gathered within five hundred li.'"

《海内先賢傳》曰：「陳諶字季方，寔少子也。才識博達，司空掾公車徴，不就。」

The Hainei xianxian zhuan says, "Chen Chen's courtesy name was Jifang; he was Shi's younger son. His talent and discernment were broad and far-reaching. He was summoned by public carriage to be an aide to the Minister of Works, but did not go."

《魏書》曰：「陳群字長文，祖寔，嘗謂宗人曰：『此兒必興吾宗。』及長，有識度。其所善，皆父黨。」

The Wei shu says, "Chen Qun's courtesy name was Zhangwen. His grandfather Shi once said to his kinsmen, 'This child will surely raise up our house.' When he grew up he had discernment and breadth. All those he took to were his father's friends."

《陳氏譜》曰：「諶子忠，字孝先。州辟不就。」

The Chen shi pu says, "Chen Chen's son Zhong had the courtesy name Xiaoxian. The province summoned him, but he did not go."

一作「元方難爲弟，季方難爲兄」。

One text has, "It is hard to make Yuanfang the younger, and hard to make Jifang the elder."

《荀氏家傳》曰：「巨伯，漢桓帝時人也。亦出潁川，未詳其始末。」

The Xun shi jiazhuan says, "Jubo was a man of the time of Emperor Huan of the Han. He too came from Yingchuan, but the beginning and the end of his life are not known."

《魏志》曰：「歆字子魚，平原髙唐人。」《魏略》曰：「靈帝時，與北海邴原、管寧倶遊學相善，時號三人爲一龍。謂歆爲龍頭，原爲龍腹，寧爲龍尾。

The Wei zhi says, "Xin's courtesy name was Ziyu; he was a man of Gaotang in Pingyuan." The Wei lüe says, "In the time of Emperor Ling he studied and traveled with Bing Yuan and Guan Ning of Beihai, and they were close friends. At that time people called the three of them one dragon: Xin was the dragon's head, Yuan the dragon's belly, and Ning the dragon's tail."

《傅子》曰：「寧字幼安，北海朱虚人，齊相管仲之後也。」

The Fuzi says, "Ning's courtesy name was You'an; he was a man of Zhuxu in Beihai, and a descendant of Guan Zhong, the chancellor of Qi."

《魏略》曰：「寧少恬靜，常笑邴原、華子魚有仕宦意。及歆爲司徒，上書讓寧。寧聞之笑曰：『子魚本欲作老吏，故榮之耳。』」

The Wei lüe says, "Ning was quiet and unruffled from his youth, and he always laughed at Bing Yuan and Hua Ziyu for having a mind to hold office. When Xin became Minister over the Masses, he sent up a letter offering the post to Ning. Ning heard of it and laughed, saying, 'Ziyu wanted from the first to be an old clerk, so he counts it a glory.'"

《魏書》曰：「朗字景興，東海郯人，魏司徒。」

The Wei shu says, "Lang's courtesy name was Jingxing; he was a man of Tan in Donghai, and Minister over the Masses of Wei."

《禮記》曰：「天子大蜡八，伊耆氏始爲蜡。蜡，索也。歳十二月，合聚萬物而索饗之。」《五經要義》曰：「三代名臘：夏曰嘉平，殷曰淸祀，周曰大蜡，總謂之臘。」晉博士張亮議曰：「蜡者，合聚百物索饗之，歳終休老息民也。臘者，祭宗廟五祀。《傳》曰：『臘，接也。』祭則新故交接也。秦漢以來，臘之明日爲祝歳，古之遺語也。」

The Liji says, "The Son of Heaven holds the great zha sacrifice to eight spirits; the house of Yiqi first made the zha. Zha means to seek. In the twelfth month of the year all things are gathered together and sought out so that they may be feasted." The Wujing yaoyi says, "The three dynasties named the la thus: the Xia called it jiaping, the Yin called it qingsi, the Zhou called it dazha; together they are called la." Zhang Liang, a court scholar of Jin, argued, "The zha gathers the hundred things and seeks them out to be feasted, and at the year's end the old are given rest and the people are given rest. The la is the sacrifice to the ancestral temple and the five spirits. The Zhuan says, 'La means to join.' In the sacrifice the new and the old join each other. Since the Qin and the Han the day after the la has been called zhusui, and this is a word left from old times."

王隱《晉書》曰：「張華字茂先，范陽人也。累遷司空，而爲趙王倫所害。」

Wang Yin's Jin shu says, "Zhang Hua's courtesy name was Maoxian; he was a man of Fanyang. He rose through several posts to Minister of Works, and was destroyed by Sima Lun, the Prince of Zhao."

華嶠《譜敘》曰：「歆爲下邽令，漢室方亂，乃與同志士鄭太等六七人避世。自武關出，道遇一丈夫獨行，願得與倶。皆哀許之。歆獨曰：『不可。今在危險中，禍福患害，義猶一也。今無故受之，不知其義，若有進退，可中棄乎？』衆不忍，卒與倶行。此丈夫中道墮井，皆欲棄之。歆乃曰：『已與倶矣，棄之不義。』卒共還，出之而後別。」

Hua Qiao's Puxu says, "Xin was magistrate of Xiagui. The house of Han was just then falling into disorder, and he withdrew from the world with six or seven scholars of like mind, Zheng Tai and the rest. As they came out by the Wu Pass they met a man on the road traveling alone, who asked to go with them, and they all pitied him and agreed. Xin alone said, 'It will not do. We are now in danger, and as far as right goes, calamity and blessing, trouble and harm are one and the same for us. If we take him in now for no reason, we do not know what he is minded to do; and if we should have to press on or turn back, could we cast him off midway?' The others could not bear to refuse, and in the end he went with them. When the man fell into a well along the way, they all wanted to leave him. Xin then said, 'We have already taken him with us. To leave him is not right.' In the end they all went back together, got him out, and only then parted from him."

《晉諸公贊》曰：「祥字休徴，琅邪臨沂人。」《祥世家》曰：「祥父融，娶髙平薛氏，生祥。繼室以廬江朱氏，生覽。」《晉陽秋》曰：「後母數譖祥，屢以非理使祥，弟覽輒與祥倶。又虐使祥婦，覽妻亦趨而共之。母患，方盛寒冰凍，母欲生魚，祥解衣將剖冰求之，會有處冰小解，魚出。」蕭廣濟《孝子傳》曰：「祥後母忽欲黃雀炙，祥念難卒致。須臾，有數十黃雀飛入其幕。母之所須，必自奔走，無不得焉。其誠至如此。」

The Jin zhugong zan says, "Xiang's courtesy name was Xiuzheng; he was a man of Linyi in Langye." The Xiang shijia says, "Xiang's father Rong took a wife of the Xue of Gaoping, who bore Xiang. He took as his second wife a woman of the Zhu of Lujiang, who bore Lan." The Jinyang qiu says, "His stepmother often slandered Xiang and again and again set him to tasks against all reason, and his younger brother Lan would always take them up with him. She also worked Xiang's wife cruelly, and Lan's wife would hurry to share the work. When the mother was ill, in the depth of a bitter frost, she wanted a live fish. Xiang took off his clothes and was about to break the ice to look for one, when a small opening happened to appear in the ice, and a fish came out." Xiao Guangji's Xiaozi zhuan says, "Xiang's stepmother suddenly wanted roast yellow sparrows, and Xiang thought them hard to get at once. In a moment several dozen yellow sparrows flew into his tent. Whatever his mother wanted, he would run after it himself, and there was nothing he failed to get. Such was the reach of his sincerity."

虞預《晉書》曰：「祥以後母故，陵遲不仕。年向六十，刺史呂虔檄爲別駕，時人歌之曰：『海沂之康，寔賴王祥；邦國不空，別駕之功！』累遷太保。」

Yu Yu's Jin shu says, "Because of his stepmother, Xiang bowed his will and did not take office. When he was near sixty, the Inspector Lü Qian sent a summons making him his Aide, and people of the time sang of him, 'The peace of the coast by the Yi we owe indeed to Wang Xiang; that the land is not left empty is the Aide's own doing.' He rose through several posts to Grand Guardian."

《魏書》曰：「文王諱昭，字子上，宣帝第二子也。」《魏氏春秋》曰：「阮籍字嗣宗，陳留尉氏人，阮瑀子也。宏達不羈，不拘禮俗。兗州刺史王昶請與相見，終日不得與言。昶愧嘆之，自以不能測也。口不論事，自然髙邁。」李康《家誡》曰：「昔嘗侍坐於先帝，時有三長史倶見，臨辭出，上曰：『爲官長當淸、當愼、當勤，修此三者，何患不治乎？』並受詔。上顧謂吾等曰：『必不得已而去，於斯三者何先？』或對曰『淸固爲本』。復問吾，吾對曰：『淸愼之道，相須而成，必不得已，愼乃爲大。』上曰：『辦言得之矣，可舉近世能愼者誰乎？』吾乃舉故太尉荀景倩、尚書董仲達、僕射王公仲。上曰：『此諸人者，温恭朝夕，執事有恪，亦各其愼也。然天下之至愼者，其唯阮嗣宗乎！毎與之言，言及玄遠，而未嘗評論時事，臧否人物，可謂至愼乎！』」

The Wei shu says, "King Wen's taboo name was Zhao and his courtesy name Zishang. He was the second son of Emperor Xuan." The Weishi chunqiu says, "Ruan Ji's courtesy name was Sizong; he was a man of Weishi in Chenliu, and the son of Ruan Yu. He was broad and far-reaching and would not be bridled, and did not hold to rites and custom. Wang Chang, the Inspector of Yanzhou, asked to meet him, and all day long could get no word with him. Chang sighed in shame and said he could not take his measure. He did not talk of affairs of the day, and was lofty of himself." Li Kang's Jiajie says, "Long ago I was in attendance on the former emperor when three Senior Administrators came together for an audience. As they were taking their leave to go, His Majesty said, 'One who is head of an office should be pure, should be careful, should be diligent. Cultivate these three, and what is there to fear will not be governed well?' They all received the charge. His Majesty looked round at us and said, 'If one of them had to go, which of the three comes first?' Someone answered, 'Purity is surely the root.' He asked me next, and I answered, 'The way of purity and the way of care depend on each other to be made whole; but if I must choose, care is the greater.' His Majesty said, 'Your words hit it. Can you name anyone of recent times who knows how to be careful?' I then named the former Grand Commandant Xun Jingqian, the Master of Writing Dong Zhongda, and the Vice Director Wang Gongzhong. His Majesty said, 'These men are mild and respectful morning and evening, and reverent in the conduct of business, and each of them is careful in his way. But the most careful man in the realm is surely Ruan Sizong. Whenever one speaks with him his words reach to what is deep and far off, and he has never judged the affairs of the day or called a man good or bad. May he not be called the most careful of men?'"

《康集敘》曰：「康字叔夜，譙國銍人。」王隱《晉書》曰：「嵇本姓溪，其先避怨徙上虞，移譙國銍縣。以出自會稽，取國一支，音同本奚焉。」虞預《晉書》曰：「銍有嵇山，家於其側，因氏焉。」《康別傳》曰：「康性含垢藏瑕，愛惡不爭於懷，喜怒不寄於顏。所知王濬沖在襄城，面數百，未嘗見其疾聲朱顏。此亦方中之美範，人倫之勝業也。」《文章敘録》曰：「康以魏長樂亭主婿遷郎中，拜中散大夫。」

The Kang ji xu says, "Kang's courtesy name was Shuye; he was a man of Zhi in Qiao." Wang Yin's Jin shu says, "The Ji were surnamed Xi at first. Their forebears fled a feud and moved to Shangyu, and then moved to Zhi county in Qiao. Since they came out of Kuaiji, they took one branch of the name of that place, and the sound is the same as the Xi they had before." Yu Yu's Jin shu says, "There is a Mount Ji in Zhi, and they made their home beside it and took it for their surname." The Kang biezhuan says, "Kang's nature was to hold in the dirt and hide the flaw. Love and hate did not fight within his breast, and joy and anger were not lodged in his face. His friend Wang Junchong was at Xiangcheng and met him face to face some hundreds of times, and never saw him raise his voice or redden. This too is a fine model of self-command and a high achievement in dealing with men." The Wenzhang xulu says, "Kang, as husband of the Princess of Changle Pavilion in Wei, was raised to gentleman of the palace, and was appointed Grand Master of Palace Leisure."

《晉諸公贊》曰：「戎字濬沖，琅邪人，太保祥宗族也。文皇帝輔政，鍾會薦之曰：『裴楷淸通，王戎簡要。』即倶辟爲掾。晉踐祚，累遷荊州刺史，以平呉功，封安豐侯。」《晉陽秋》曰：「戎爲豫州刺史，遭母憂，性至孝，不拘禮制，飲酒食肉，或觀棊弈，而容貌毀悴，杖而後起。時汝南和嶠，亦名士也，以禮法自持。處大憂，量米而食，然憔悴哀毀，不逮戎也。」

The Jin zhugong zan says, "Rong's courtesy name was Junchong; he was a man of Langye, of the same clan as the Grand Guardian Xiang. When Emperor Wen was regent, Zhong Hui recommended him, saying, 'Pei Kai is pure and penetrating; Wang Rong is spare and to the point.' Both were at once called to be aides. When Jin came to the throne he rose through several posts to Inspector of Jingzhou, and for his part in subduing Wu he was enfeoffed Marquis of Anfeng." The Jinyang qiu says, "While Rong was Inspector of Yuzhou he lost his mother. His nature was of the deepest filial devotion, yet he did not hold to the forms of the rites. He drank wine and ate meat, and sometimes watched a game of chess; but his face and body were worn and wasted, and he could not rise without a staff. He Qiao of Runan was a noted man of that time as well, and he held himself to the rules of the rites. In his great mourning he measured out his rice before he ate; yet in wasting and in the wearing of grief he did not come up to Rong."

王隱《晉書》曰：「劉毅字仲雄，東萊掖人，漢城陽景王後也。亮直淸方，見有不善，必評論之。王公大人，望風憚之。僑居陽平，太守杜恕致爲功曹，沙汰郡吏三百餘人。三魏僉曰：『但聞劉功曹，不聞杜府君。』累遷尚書、司隸校尉。」

Wang Yin's Jin shu says, "Liu Yi's courtesy name was Zhongxiong; he was a man of Ye in Donglai, a descendant of Prince Jing of Chengyang of the Han. He was bright and straight, pure and square, and when he saw what was not good he was sure to speak of it. Great lords and men of rank feared him from afar. While he was living away from home at Yangping, the Governor Du Shu made him Officer of Merit, and he sifted out more than three hundred clerks of the commandery. All the three Wei districts said, 'We hear only of Officer of Merit Liu; we do not hear of His Excellency Du.' He rose through several posts to Master of Writing and Colonel Director of Retainers."

《晉陽秋》曰：「世祖及時談以此貴戎也。」

The Jinyang qiu says, "Shizu and those who talked of such things at the time held Rong in honor for this."

朱鳳《晉書》曰：「宣帝張夫人生梁孝王彤，字子徽，位至太宰。桓夫人生趙王倫，字子彝，位至相國。」

Zhu Feng's Jin shu says, "Emperor Xuan's Lady Zhang bore Sima Tong, Prince Xiao of Liang, whose courtesy name was Zihui and whose rank reached Grand Steward. Lady Huan bore Sima Lun, Prince of Zhao, whose courtesy name was Ziyi and whose rank reached Chancellor of State."

《晉諸公贊》曰：「裴楷字叔則，河東聞喜人，司空秀之從弟也。父徽，冀州刺史，有雋識。楷特精易義。累遷河南尹、中書令，卒。」

The Jin zhugong zan says, "Pei Kai's courtesy name was Shuze; he was a man of Wenxi in Hedong, and a cousin of Pei Xiu, the Minister of Works. His father Hui was Inspector of Jizhou and had rare discernment. Kai was especially versed in the meaning of the Yi. He rose through several posts to Governor of Henan and Director of the Secretariat, and died."

《名士傳》曰：「楷行己取與，任心而動，毀譽雖至，處之晏然，皆此類。」

The Mingshi zhuan says, "In how he bore himself and in what he gave and took, Kai moved as his mind led him, and though blame and praise both came to him he met them calmly. All of it was of this kind."

《晉陽秋》曰：「祥少有美德行。」

The Jinyang qiu says, "From his youth Xiang had fine virtue and conduct."

《曲禮》曰：「居喪之禮，毀瘠不形，視聽不衰，不勝喪，乃比於不慈不孝。」孝經曰：「毀不滅性，聖人之教也。」

The Quli says, "By the rites of mourning, though one is worn and wasted the bones are not to show, and sight and hearing are not to fail. To be unable to bear the mourning is put on a level with being neither loving nor filial." The Xiaojing says, "To be worn down and yet not destroy one's life is the teaching of the sages."

《世語》曰：「渾字長源，有才望。歴尚書、涼州刺史。」

The Shiyu says, "Hun's courtesy name was Changyuan, and he had talent and repute. He served as Master of Writing and as Inspector of Liangzhou."

虞預《晉書》曰：「戎由是顯名。」

Yu Yu's Jin shu says, "It was by this that Rong's name became known."

《晉百官名》曰：「劉寶字道眞，髙平人。」徒，罪役作者。

The Jin baiguan ming says, "Liu Bao's courtesy name was Daozhen; he was a man of Gaoping." A convict is one who does forced labor for a crime.

虞預《晉書》曰：「駿字子臧，宣帝第十七子，好學至孝。」《晉諸公贊》曰：「駿八歳爲散騎常侍，侍魏齊王講。晉受禪，封扶風王，鎭關中，爲政最美。薨，贈武王。西土思之，但見其碑贊者，皆拜之而泣。其遺愛如此。」

Yu Yu's Jin shu says, "Jun's courtesy name was Zizang. He was Emperor Xuan's seventeenth son, fond of learning and of the deepest filial devotion." The Jin zhugong zan says, "At eight Jun became Cavalier Attendant-in-ordinary and waited on the lectures of the Prince of Qi in Wei. When Jin received the abdication he was enfeoffed Prince of Fufeng and guarded Guanzhong, and his rule was the finest of all. When he died he was given the title Prince Wu. The western lands longed for him, and all who saw his stone and its praise bowed before it and wept. Such was the love he left behind."

《晉諸公贊》曰：「王澄，字平子，有達識，荊州刺史。」《永嘉流人名》曰：「胡毋輔之字彦國，泰山奉髙人，湘州刺史。」王隱《晉書》曰：「魏末阮籍，嗜酒荒放，露頭散髮，裸袒箕踞。其後貴遊子弟阮瞻、王澄、謝鯤、胡毋輔之之徒，皆祖述於籍，謂得大道之本。故去巾幘，脱衣服，露醜惡，同禽獸。甚者名之爲通，次者名之爲達也。」

The Jin zhugong zan says, "Wang Cheng's courtesy name was Pingzi. He had far-reaching discernment, and was Inspector of Jingzhou." The Yongjia liuren ming says, "Humu Fuzhi's courtesy name was Yanguo; he was a man of Fenggao in Taishan, and Inspector of Xiangzhou." Wang Yin's Jin shu says, "At the end of Wei, Ruan Ji was given to wine and ran wild. He went bareheaded with his hair loose, stripped himself naked and sat sprawling with his legs out. After him the sons of the great houses, Ruan Zhan, Wang Cheng, Xie Kun, Humu Fuzhi and their sort, all took Ruan Ji for their model and said they had got the root of the great Way. So they threw off cap and kerchief, took off their clothes, and bared what is ugly, becoming the same as the beasts. The worst of them they called tong, the next after them da."

《郗鑒別傳》曰：「鑒字道徽，髙平金鄕人。漢御史大夫郗慮後也。少有體正，耽思經籍，以儒雅著名。永嘉末，天下大亂，饑饉相望，冠帶以下，皆割己之資供鑒。元皇徴爲領軍，遷司空、太尉。」《中興書》曰：「鑒兄子邁，字思遠，有幹世才略。累遷少府、中護軍。」

The Xi Jian biezhuan says, "Jian's courtesy name was Daohui; he was a man of Jinxiang in Gaoping, a descendant of Xi Lü, the Grandee Secretary of the Han. From his youth he bore himself uprightly and gave his mind to the classics, and was known for his learning and refinement. At the end of the Yongjia years the realm fell into great disorder and famine was everywhere. From the officeholders on down, all shared out their own means to supply Jian. Emperor Yuan summoned him to be Commander of the Army, and moved him to Minister of Works and then Grand Commandant." The Zhongxing shu says, "Jian's elder brother's son Mai had the courtesy name Siyuan, and had the talent and the plans to order an age. He rose through several posts to Privy Treasurer and Central Protector of the Army."

《周氏譜》曰：「翼字子卿，陳郡人。祖奕，上谷太守。父優，車騎咨議。歴剡令、靑州刺史、少府卿，六十四而卒。」

The Zhou shi pu says, "Yi's courtesy name was Ziqing; he was a man of Chenjun. His grandfather Yi was Governor of Shanggu; his father You was adviser to the General of Chariots and Cavalry. He served as magistrate of Shan, Inspector of Qingzhou, and Chamberlain of the Privy Treasury, and died at sixty-four."

《文士傳》曰：「榮字彦先，呉郡人。其先越王句踐之支庶，封於顧邑，子孫遂氏焉，世爲呉著姓。大父雍，呉丞相。父穆，宜都太守。榮少朗雋機警，風穎標徹，歴廷尉正。曾在省與同僚共飲，見行炙者有異於常僕，乃割炙以噉之。後趙王倫篡位，其子爲中領軍，逼用榮爲長史。及倫誅，榮亦被執。凡受戮等輩十有餘人。或有救榮者，問其故。曰：『某省中受炙臣也。』榮乃悟而嘆曰：『一餐之惠，恩今不忘，古人豈虚言哉！』」

The Wenshi zhuan says, "Rong's courtesy name was Yanxian; he was a man of Wujun. His forebears were a branch line of King Goujian of Yue, enfeoffed at the town of Gu, and his descendants took it for their surname, so that they were a noted family of Wu for generations. His grandfather Yong was chancellor of Wu; his father Mu was Governor of Yidu. Rong was bright and outstanding in his youth, quick and keen, and his manner stood out clearly. He served as Rectifier of the Commandant of Justice. He was once drinking with his colleagues at the office when he saw that the man roasting the meat was not like an ordinary servant, and so he cut off some meat and gave it to him to eat. Later, when Sima Lun, the Prince of Zhao, usurped the throne and Lun's son became Commander of the Central Army, they forced Rong into service as Senior Administrator. When Lun was put to death, Rong too was seized. Those who were to be executed with him were more than ten, but someone tried to save Rong. When they asked why, he said, 'He is the officer who gave me the meat at the office.' Rong understood then and said with a sigh, 'The kindness of a single meal is not forgotten to this day. How could the men of old have spoken idly?'"

王隱《晉書》曰：「祖納字士言，范陽遒人，九世孝廉。納諸母三兄，最治行操，能淸言，歴太子中庶子，廷尉卿。避地江南，温嶠薦爲光祿大夫。」

Wang Yin's Jin shu says, "Zu Na's courtesy name was Shiyan; he was a man of Qiu in Fanyang, of a house that for nine generations had men recommended as filial and incorrupt. Of his several mothers and three elder brothers, Na was the best schooled in conduct and bearing, and he was good at pure talk. He served as Steward to the Heir Apparent and as Commandant of Justice. When he took refuge south of the river, Wen Qiao recommended him and he became Grandee of the Palace."

《王乂別傳》曰：「乂字叔元，琅邪臨沂人。時蜀新平，二將作亂，文帝西之長安，乃徴爲相國司馬，遷大尚書、出督幽州諸軍事、平北將軍。」

The Wang Yi biezhuan says, "Yi's courtesy name was Shuyuan; he was a man of Linyi in Langye. At that time Shu had just been pacified and two generals raised a revolt, and Emperor Wen went west to Chang'an. Yi was then summoned to be Marshal to the Chancellor of State, was moved to Senior Master of Writing, and went out as General Who Pacifies the North in charge of all military affairs in Youzhou."

《楚國先賢傳》曰：「百里奚字凡伯，楚國人。少仕於虞，爲大夫。晉欲假道於虞以伐虢，諫而不聽，奚乃去之。」《説苑》曰：「秦穆公使賈人載鹽於虞，諸賈人買百里奚以五羊皮。穆公觀鹽，怪其牛肥，問其故，對曰：『飲食以時，使之不暴，是以肥也。』公令有司沐浴衣冠之。公孫支讓其卿位，號曰『五羖大夫』。」

The Chuguo xianxian zhuan says, "Baili Xi's courtesy name was Fanbo; he was a man of Chu. Young, he served in Yu and became a grandee there. When Jin wished to borrow a road through Yu in order to attack Guo, he remonstrated and was not heeded, and so Xi left." The Shuoyuan says, "Duke Mu of Qin sent merchants to carry salt into Yu, and the merchants bought Baili Xi for five ramskins. When the duke looked over the salt he wondered that the oxen were so fat, and asked why. The answer was, 'They are fed in due season and are not driven harshly. That is why they are fat.' The duke had his officers bathe him and dress him in cap and robe. Gongsun Zhi gave up his place as a minister to him, and they called him the Grandee of Five Ramskins."

《永嘉流人名》曰：「鎭字康時，陳留尉氏人也。祖父和，故安令。父震，司空長史。」《中興書》曰：「鎭淸約寡慾，所在有異績。」

The Yongjia liuren ming says, "Zhen's courtesy name was Kangshi; he was a man of Weishi in Chenliu. His grandfather He was formerly magistrate of An; his father Zhen was Senior Administrator to the Minister of Works." The Zhongxing shu says, "Zhen was pure and frugal and had few wants, and wherever he was he left a mark unlike other men's."

《丞相別傳》曰：「王導字茂弘，琅邪人。祖覽，以德行稱。父裁，侍御史。導少知名，家世貧約，恬暢樂道，未嘗以風塵經懷也。」

The Chengxiang biezhuan says, "Wang Dao's courtesy name was Maohong; he was a man of Langye. His grandfather Lan was spoken of for his virtuous conduct; his father Cai was an Attending Censor. Dao was known by name from his youth. His house had been poor and frugal for generations, but he was calm and open and took joy in the Way, and never let the dust of the world weigh on his mind."

《晉陽秋》曰：「胡威字伯虎，淮南人。父質以忠淸顯。質爲荊州，威自京師往省之。及告歸，質賜威絹一匹。威跪曰：『大人淸髙，於何得此？』質曰：『是吾奉祿之餘，故以爲汝糧耳。』威受而去。毎至客舍，自放驢取樵爨炊。食畢，復隨旅進道。質帳下都督陰齎糧要之，因與爲伴。毎事相助經營之，又進少飯，威疑之，密誘問之，乃知都督也。謝而遣之。後以白質，質杖都督一百，除其吏名。父子淸愼如此。及威爲徐州，世祖賜見，與論邊事及平生。帝嘆其父淸，因謂威曰：『卿淸孰與父？』對曰：『臣淸不如也。』帝曰：『何以爲勝汝邪？』對曰：『臣父淸畏人知，臣淸畏人不知，是以不如遠矣。』」

The Jinyang qiu says, "Hu Wei's courtesy name was Bohu; he was a man of Huainan. His father Zhi was noted for loyalty and purity. While Zhi was in Jingzhou, Wei went from the capital to visit him. When he took his leave to go home, Zhi gave Wei a bolt of silk. Wei knelt and said, 'You are pure and lofty, father. Where did you get this?' Zhi said, 'It is what is left over from my salary, and I make it your provision for the road.' Wei took it and went. At every inn he turned his own donkey out to graze, gathered firewood, and cooked for himself; and when he had eaten he went on again with the other travelers. The commander of Zhi's headquarters guard secretly took provisions and waited for him on the road, and then made himself his companion. He helped him and saw to everything for him, and gave him a little food besides. Wei grew suspicious, drew him out quietly with questions, and learned that he was the commander. He thanked him and sent him away. Later he told Zhi of it, and Zhi gave the commander a hundred strokes and struck his name from the roll of clerks. Such was the purity and care of the father and the son. When Wei was in Xuzhou, Shizu granted him an audience and talked with him of the frontier and of his life. The emperor sighed over his father's purity and said to Wei, 'How does your purity stand beside your father's?' He answered, 'Your servant's purity does not reach his.' The emperor said, 'In what is he better than you?' He answered, 'My father feared that his purity would be known; your servant fears that his will not be known. That is why I fall far short of him.'"

《晉陽秋》曰：「攸字伯道，平陽襄陵人。七歳喪父母及祖父母，持重九年。性淸愼平簡。」鄧粲《晉紀》曰：「永嘉中，攸爲石勒所獲，召見，立幕下與語，説之，坐而飯焉。攸車所止，與胡人鄰轂，胡人失火燒車營，勒吏案問胡，胡誣攸。攸度不可與爭，乃曰：『向爲老姥作粥，失火延逸，罪應萬死。』勒知遣之。所誣胡厚德攸，遺其驢馬，護送令得逸。」王隱《晉書》曰：「攸以路遠，斫壞車，以牛馬負妻子以叛，賊又掠其牛馬。攸語妻曰：『吾弟早亡，唯有遺民。今當歩走，儋兩兒盡死，不如棄己兒，抱遺民。吾後猶當有兒。』婦從之。」《中興書》曰：「攸棄兒於草中，兒啼呼追之，至莫復及。攸明日繫兒於樹而去，遂渡江，至尚書左僕射，卒。弟子綏服攸齊衰三年。」

The Jinyang qiu says, "You's courtesy name was Bodao; he was a man of Xiangling in Pingyang. At seven he lost his father and mother and his grandfather and grandmother, and he wore the heavy mourning for nine years. His nature was pure and careful, even and plain." Deng Can's Jin ji says, "In the Yongjia years You was taken by Shi Le. He was called in and stood beneath the tent to speak with him, and Le was pleased with him and seated him and gave him food. Where You's carriage stood, the wheels were next to a Hu man's. The Hu man let a fire loose and burned the carriage camp, and when Le's clerks questioned the Hu man, he laid the blame falsely on You. You judged that he could not argue it, and said, 'A while ago I was making gruel for an old woman, and the fire got away and spread. My crime deserves ten thousand deaths.' Le saw how it was and let him go. The Hu man he had accused took You's goodness deeply to heart, gave him his donkey and his horse, and escorted him until he was clear." Wang Yin's Jin shu says, "You, finding the road long, broke up his carriage and fled with his wife and children carried on the ox and the horse; but the raiders took the ox and the horse as well. You said to his wife, 'My younger brother died early, and only Yimin is left of him. Now we must go on foot, and if we carry the two children both will die. Better to abandon my own child and hold Yimin. I may yet have a child later.' His wife did as he said." The Zhongxing shu says, "You abandoned the child among the grass, and the child cried out and came after him, and by dusk could no longer keep up. The next day You tied the child to a tree and went away, and so crossed the river. He rose to be Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs, and died. His younger brother's son Sui wore the coarse hemp mourning for him for three years."

《中興書》曰：「王悅字長豫，丞相導長子也。仕至中書侍郎。

The Zhongxing shu says, "Wang Yue's courtesy name was Changyu; he was the eldest son of the Chancellor Dao. He rose in office to Gentleman Attendant of the Secretariat."

《文字志》曰：「王恬字敬豫，導次子也。少卓犖不羈，疾學尚武，不爲導所重。至中軍將軍。多才藝，善隸書，與濟陽江虨以善奕聞。」

The Wenzi zhi says, "Wang Tian's courtesy name was Jingyu; he was Dao's second son. In his youth he stood out and would not be bridled. He hated study and set store by arms, and Dao did not think much of him. He rose to General of the Central Army. He had many talents and skills, wrote the clerical script well, and was known, together with Jiang Bin of Jiyang, for his skill at chess."

《王氏譜》曰：「導娶彭城曹韶女，名淑。」

The Wang shi pu says, "Dao took to wife the daughter of Cao Shao of Pengcheng, whose name was Shu."

In "曹夫人作簏" the 作 is taken as "made by Changyu." Since the preceding line says she "always put the boxes and chests in order together with Lady Cao," the reading that Lady Cao simply left untouched the hamper she and Changyu had been packing also stands. — translator

《桓彝別傳》曰：「彝字茂倫，譙國龍亢人，漢五更桓榮十世孫也。父穎，有髙名。彝少孤，識鑒明朗，避亂渡江，累遷散騎常侍。」僧法深，不知其俗姓，蓋衣冠之胤也。道徽髙扇，譽播山東，爲中州劉公弟子。値永嘉亂，投跡楊土，居止京邑，内持法綱，外允具瞻，弘道之法師也。以業慈淸淨，而不耐風塵，考室剡縣東二百里𡵙山中，同遊十餘人，髙棲浩然。支道林宗其風範，與髙麗道人書，稱其德行。年七十有九，終於山中也。」

The Huan Yi biezhuan says, "Huan Yi's courtesy name was Maolun; he was a man of Longkang in Qiao, and the tenth-generation descendant of Huan Rong, who was honored as Wugeng under the Han. His father Ying had a high name. Yi lost his father young, but his discernment was clear and bright. He fled the troubles and crossed the river, and rose through several posts to Cavalier Attendant-in-ordinary." The monk Fashen's lay surname is not known, but he was probably the child of an official house. The beauty of his Way was fanned high, and his praise spread through Shandong. He became a disciple of His Excellency Liu of Zhongzhou. Meeting the troubles of the Yongjia years, he set his steps in the land of Yang and lived in the capital. Within, he held to the mainstay of the Law; without, he answered to what men looked for in him. He was a master of the Law who made the Way broad. Because his work was compassion and purity and he could not bear the dust of the world, he built himself a room in Mount Yang, two hundred li east of Shan county, where those who wandered with him were more than ten, and they perched high and unconstrained. Zhi Daolin took his manner and his model for his own, and in a letter to a monk of Goguryeo he praised his virtue and conduct. At seventy-nine he came to his end in the mountains."

《晉陽秋》曰：「庾亮字元規，潁川鄢陵人，明穆皇后長兄也。淵雅有德量，時人方之夏侯太初、陳長文之倫。侍從父琛，避地會稽，端拱嶷然，郡人嚴憚之。覲接之者，數人而已。累遷征西大將軍、荊州刺史。」《伯樂相馬經》曰：「馬白頟入口至齒者，名曰楡鴈，一名的盧。奴乘客死，主乘棄市，凶馬也。」

The Jinyang qiu says, "Yu Liang's courtesy name was Yuangui; he was a man of Yanling in Yingchuan, and the eldest brother of the Empress Mingmu. He was deep and refined and had virtue and breadth, and people of the time set him beside such men as Xiahou Taichu and Chen Changwen. He went with his uncle Yu Chen to take refuge in Kuaiji, where he sat upright with folded hands and stood out so that the people of the commandery were much in awe of him. Those who met and spoke with him were only a few. He rose through several posts to Grand General Who Campaigns Westward and Inspector of Jingzhou." The Bole xiangma jing says, "A horse whose white blaze runs from the mouth to the teeth is called a yuyan, and by another name a dilu. If a servant rides it he dies abroad; if the master rides it he is executed in the marketplace. It is an unlucky horse."

《語林》曰：「殷浩勸公賣馬。」

The Yulin says, "Yin Hao urged His Excellency to sell the horse."

賈誼《新書》曰：「孫叔敖爲兒時，出道上，見兩頭蛇，殺而埋之。歸見其母，泣。問其故，對曰：『夫見兩頭蛇者，必死。今出見之，故爾。』母曰：『蛇今安在？』對曰：『恐後人見，殺而埋之矣。』母曰：『夫有陰德，必有陽報，爾無憂也。』後遂興於楚朝。及長，爲楚令尹。」

Jia Yi's Xinshu says, "When Sun Shu'ao was a child he went out on the road, saw a two-headed snake, killed it and buried it. He came home, saw his mother, and wept. When she asked why, he answered, 'They say that whoever sees a two-headed snake must die. I went out just now and saw one, and that is why.' His mother said, 'Where is the snake now?' He answered, 'I was afraid someone coming after me would see it, so I killed it and buried it.' His mother said, 'Where there is hidden virtue there is sure to be an open reward. You need not worry.' Afterward he rose in the court of Chu, and when he grew up he became chief minister of Chu."

《阮光祿別傳》曰：「裕字思曠，陳留尉氏人。祖略，齊國内史。父顗，汝南太守。裕淹通有理識，累遷侍中。以疾築室會稽剡山。徴金紫光祿大夫，不就。年六十一卒。」

The Ruan Guanglu biezhuan says, "Yu's courtesy name was Sikuang; he was a man of Weishi in Chenliu. His grandfather Lüe was Director of the princedom of Qi; his father Yi was Governor of Runan. Yu was broadly versed and had reason and discernment, and he rose through several posts to Palace Attendant. Because of illness he built himself a house on Mount Shan in Kuaiji. He was summoned to be Grandee of the Palace with Golden Seal and Purple Ribbon, but did not go. He died at sixty-one."

《中興書》曰：「謝奕字無奕，陳郡陽夏人。祖衡，太子少傅。父裒，吏部尚書。奕少有器鑒，辟太尉掾、剡令，累遷豫州刺史。」

The Zhongxing shu says, "Xie Yi's courtesy name was Wuyi; he was a man of Yangxia in Chenjun. His grandfather Heng was Junior Tutor to the Heir Apparent; his father Pou was Master of Writing for the Ministry of Personnel. Yi had an eye for the measure of men from his youth. He was called to be an aide to the Grand Commandant and magistrate of Shan, and rose through several posts to Inspector of Yuzhou."

《文字志》曰：「謝安字安石，奕弟也。世有學行，安弘粹通遠，温雅融暢。桓彝見其四歳時，稱之曰：『此兒風神秀徹，當繼蹤王東海。』善行書。累遷太保、録尚書事。贈太傅。」《晉陽秋》曰：「褚裒字季野，河南陽翟人。祖䂮，安東將軍。父治，武昌太守。裒少有簡貴之風，沖默之稱。累遷江兗二州刺史。贈侍中、太傅。」

The Wenzi zhi says, "Xie An's courtesy name was Anshi; he was Yi's younger brother. His house had learning and conduct for generations, and An was broad and pure, penetrating and far-reaching, warm and refined and open. Huan Yi saw him when he was four and praised him, saying, 'This child's manner and spirit are outstanding and clear. He will follow in the tracks of Wang of Donghai.' He wrote the running script well. He rose through several posts to Grand Guardian and Director of the Department of State Affairs, and was given the posthumous title Grand Tutor." The Jinyang qiu says, "Chu Pou's courtesy name was Jiye; he was a man of Yangdi in Henan. His grandfather Lüe was General Who Pacifies the East; his father Zhi was Governor of Wuchang. From his youth Pou had a plain and noble manner and was spoken of as calm and silent. He rose through several posts to Inspector of the two provinces of Jiangzhou and Yanzhou. He was given the posthumous titles Palace Attendant and Grand Tutor."

《劉尹別傳》曰：「惔字眞長，沛國蕭人也。漢氏之後。眞長有雅裁，雖蓽門陋巷，晏如也。歴司徒左長史、侍中、丹陽尹。爲政務鎭靜信誠，風塵不能移也。」

The Liu Yin biezhuan says, "Tan's courtesy name was Zhenchang; he was a man of Xiao in Peiguo, a descendant of the house of Han. Zhenchang had a refined judgment, and though he lived behind a wattle gate in a mean lane he was at ease. He served as Left Senior Administrator to the Minister over the Masses, as Palace Attendant, and as Governor of Danyang. In his rule he worked for quiet and steadiness and for good faith and sincerity, and the dust of the world could not move him."

包氏《論語》曰：「禱，請也。」孔安國曰：「孔子素行合於神明，故曰：『丘之禱久矣。』」

Master Bao's commentary on the Lunyu says, "To pray is to ask." Kong Anguo said, "The everyday conduct of Confucius accorded with the bright spirits, and so he said, 'I have prayed a long while already.'"

《謝氏譜》曰：「安娶沛國劉耽女。」按：太尉劉子眞，淸潔有志操，行己以禮。而二子不才，並黷貨致罪。子眞坐免官。客曰：「子奚不訓導之？」子眞曰：「吾之行事，是其耳目所聞見，而不放效，豈嚴訓所變邪？」安石之旨，同子眞之意也。

The Xie shi pu says, "An took to wife the daughter of Liu Dan of Peiguo." Note: Liu Zizhen, the Grand Commandant, was pure and clean and held to his principles, and he bore himself by the rites. Yet his two sons were without ability, and both were convicted of soiling themselves with bribes, so that Zizhen was implicated and lost his office. A guest said, "Why did you not teach and guide them?" Zizhen said, "What I do is what their ears and eyes hear and see, and still they do not follow it. How should stern teaching change them?" Anshi's meaning is the same as Zizhen's.

《續晉陽秋》曰：「帝諱昱，字道萬，中宗少子也。仁聞有智度。穆帝幼沖，以撫軍輔政。大司馬桓温廢海西公而立帝，在位三年而崩。」

The Xu Jinyang qiu says, "The emperor's taboo name was Yu and his courtesy name Daowan. He was the younger son of Zhongzong. He was known for benevolence, and he had wisdom and breadth. Emperor Mu was a child, and he aided the government as General Who Soothes the Army. The Grand Marshal Huan Wen deposed the Duke of Haixi and set him on the throne, and he had been three years on it when he died."

《宣別傳》曰：「宣字子宣，陳留人，漢萊蕪長范丹後也。年十歳，能誦詩書。兒童時，手傷改容，家人以其年幼，皆異之。徴太學博士、散騎常侍，一無所就。年五十四卒。」

The Xuan biezhuan says, "Xuan's courtesy name was Zixuan; he was a man of Chenliu, a descendant of Fan Dan, magistrate of Laiwu under the Han. At ten he could recite the Odes and the Documents. As a child he changed countenance when his hand was hurt, and his household, seeing how young he was, all thought it remarkable. He was summoned to be Erudite of the Imperial Academy and Cavalier Attendant-in-ordinary, and took up neither post. He died at fifty-four."

《中興書》曰：「宣家至貧，罕交人事。豫章太守殷羡見宣茅茨不完，欲爲改室，宣固辭。羡愛之，以宣貧，加年饑疾疫，厚餉給之，宣又不受。」《續晉陽秋》曰：「韓伯字康伯，潁川人。好學，善言理。歴豫章太守、領軍將軍。」

The Zhongxing shu says, "Xuan's house was very poor and he seldom went about among men. Yin Xian, the Governor of Yuzhang, saw that Xuan's thatched roof was not whole and wished to rebuild the room for him, but Xuan firmly declined. Xian was fond of him, and because Xuan was poor and there was famine and plague that year besides, he sent him a generous supply; and again Xuan would not take it." The Xu Jinyang qiu says, "Han Bo's courtesy name was Kangbo; he was a man of Yingchuan. He loved learning and spoke well on the reason of things. He served as Governor of Yuzhang and as General of the Army."

《王氏譜》曰：「獻之娶髙平郗曇女，名道茂，後離婚。」《獻之別傳》曰：「祖父曠，淮南太守。父羲之，右將軍。咸寧中，詔尚餘姚公主，遷中書令，卒。」

The Wang shi pu says, "Xianzhi took to wife the daughter of Xi Tan of Gaoping, whose name was Daomao, and later they parted." The Xianzhi biezhuan says, "His grandfather Kuang was Governor of Huainan; his father Xizhi was General of the Right. In the Xianning years he was ordered by edict to marry the Princess of Yuyao. He was moved to Director of the Secretariat, and died."

《晉安帝紀》曰：「仲堪，陳郡人，太常融孫也。車騎將軍謝玄請爲長史，孝武説之，俄爲黃門侍郎。自殺袁悅之後，上深爲晏駕後計，故先出王恭爲北蕃。荊州刺史王忱死，乃中詔用仲堪代焉。」

The Jin Andi ji says, "Zhongkan was a man of Chenjun, the grandson of Yin Rong, the Chamberlain for Ceremonials. Xie Xuan, the General of Chariots and Cavalry, asked for him as his Senior Administrator. Emperor Xiaowu was pleased with him, and he soon became Gentleman Attendant at the Yellow Gate. After Yuan Yue was put to death, His Majesty laid deep plans for what should come after his own passing, and so he first sent Wang Gong out to the northern march. When Wang Chen, the Inspector of Jingzhou, died, an inner edict put Zhongkan in his place."

《桓玄別傳》曰：「玄字敬道，譙國龍亢人，大司馬温少子也。幼童中，温甚愛之。臨終命以爲嗣。年七歳，襲封南郡公，拜太子洗馬、義興太守。不得志，少時去職，歸其國。與荊州刺史殷仲堪素舊，情好甚隆。」周祗《隆安記》曰：「廣字德度，弘農人，楊震後也。」《晉安帝紀》曰：「覬字伯道，陳郡人。由中書郎出爲南蠻校尉。覬亦以率易才悟著稱，與從弟仲堪倶知名。」《中興書》曰：「初，仲堪欲起兵，密邀覬，覬不同。楊廣與弟佺期勸殺覬，仲堪不許。」

The Huan Xuan biezhuan says, "Huan Xuan's courtesy name was Jingdao; he was a man of Longkang in Qiao, and the younger son of the Grand Marshal Wen. Wen loved him dearly when he was a small child, and at his death he ordered that Xuan should be his heir. At seven he succeeded to the title of Duke of Nanjun, and was appointed Aide to the Heir Apparent and Governor of Yixing. He could not have his way, and after a short while he left office and went back to his own domain. He was long an old friend of Yin Zhongkan, the Inspector of Jingzhou, and their liking for each other was very warm." Zhou Zhi's Long'an ji says, "Guang's courtesy name was Dedu; he was a man of Hongnong, a descendant of Yang Zhen." The Jin Andi ji says, "Kai's courtesy name was Bodao; he was a man of Chenjun. From Gentleman of the Secretariat he went out as Colonel over the Southern Man. Kai too was noted for being frank and easy and quick of wit, and he and his cousin Zhongkan were known together." The Zhongxing shu says, "At first, when Zhongkan wished to raise troops, he secretly invited Kai, and Kai would not join him. Yang Guang and his younger brother Yang Quanqi urged him to kill Kai, but Zhongkan would not allow it."

《春秋傳》曰：「楚令尹子文，鬬氏也。」《論語》曰：「令尹子文，三仕爲令尹，無喜色；三已之，無慍色。」

The Chunqiu zhuan says, "Ziwen, the chief minister of Chu, was of the Dou clan." The Lunyu says, "Ziwen the chief minister was three times made chief minister, and showed no look of pleasure; three times he was put out of it, and showed no look of resentment."

徐廣《晉紀》曰：「王愉字茂和，太原晉陽人，安北將軍坦之次子也。以輔國司馬，出爲江州刺史。愉始至鎭，而桓玄、楊佺期舉兵以應王恭，乘流奄至，愉無防，惶遽奔臨川，爲玄所得。玄篡位，遷尚書左僕射。」

Xu Guang's Jin ji says, "Wang Yu's courtesy name was Maohe; he was a man of Jinyang in Taiyuan, the second son of Wang Tanzhi, the General Who Pacifies the North. From Marshal to the General Who Upholds the State he went out as Inspector of Jiangzhou. Yu had only just reached his post when Huan Xuan and Yang Quanqi raised troops in answer to Wang Gong and came down the current upon him all at once. Yu had made no defense, and in his panic he fled to Linchuan, where Xuan took him. When Xuan usurped the throne, he moved him to Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs."

《中興書》曰：「綏字彦猷，愉子也。少有令譽。自王渾至坦之，六世盛德，綏又知名，於時冠冕，莫與爲比。位至中書令、荊州刺史。桓玄敗後，與父愉謀反，伏誅。」

The Zhongxing shu says, "Sui's courtesy name was Yanyou; he was Yu's son. From his youth he had a good name. From Wang Hun down to Tanzhi there had been six generations of flourishing virtue, and Sui was known besides, so that among the official houses of the day there was none to match them. His rank reached Director of the Secretariat and Inspector of Jingzhou. After Huan Xuan fell, he plotted rebellion with his father Yu, and was put to death."

玄也

This is Xuan.

《玄別傳》曰：「玄克荊州，殺殷道護及仲堪參軍羅企生、鮑季禮，皆仲堪所親仗也。」

The Xuan biezhuan says, "When Xuan took Jingzhou he killed Yin Daohu, and Zhongkan's adjutants Luo Qisheng and Bao Jili. All of them were men Zhongkan had trusted and leaned on."

《中興書》曰：「企生字宗伯，豫章人。殷仲堪初請爲府功曹，桓玄來攻，轉咨議參軍。仲堪多疑少決，企生深憂之，謂其弟遵生曰：『殷侯仁而無斷，事必無成。成敗天也，吾當死生以之。』及仲堪走，文武並無送者，唯企生從焉。路經家門，遵生紿之曰：『作如此分別，何可不執手？』企生回馬授手，遵生便牽下之，謂曰：『家有老母，將欲何行？』企生揮泣曰：『今日之事，我必死之。汝等奉養，不失子道，一門之内，有忠與孝，亦復何恨！』遵生抱之愈急，仲堪於路待之。企生遙呼曰：『今日死生是同，願少見待！』仲堪見其無脱埋，策馬而去。俄而玄至，人士悉詣玄，企生獨不往而營理仲堪家。或謂曰：『玄性猜急，未能取卿誠節，若遂不詣，禍必至矣！』企生正色曰：『我殷侯吏，見遇以國士，不能共殄醜逆，致此奔敗，何面目就桓求生乎？』玄聞，怒而收之。謂曰：『相遇如此，何以見負？』企生曰：『使君口血未乾，而生此姦計，自傷力劣，不能翦定凶逆，我死恨晩爾！』玄遂斬之。時年三十有七，衆咸悼之。」

The Zhongxing shu says, "Qisheng's courtesy name was Zongbo; he was a man of Yuzhang. Yin Zhongkan at first asked for him as Officer of Merit of his office, and when Huan Xuan came to attack he was moved to Consultant Adjutant. Zhongkan was full of doubts and short of decision, and Qisheng was deeply troubled by it. He said to his younger brother Zunsheng, 'The Marquis Yin is kind, but he cannot cut a thing off. His undertaking is sure to fail. Success and failure lie with heaven, and I shall go with him in life and in death.' When Zhongkan fled, none of his civil and military officers saw him off, and Qisheng alone went with him. As their road passed his own gate, Zunsheng tricked him, saying, 'When we part like this, how can we not clasp hands?' Qisheng turned his horse and held out his hand, and Zunsheng at once pulled him down and said, 'There is an old mother in the house. Where do you mean to go?' Qisheng flung off his tears and said, 'In today's business I shall certainly die. If you and the rest serve her and do not fail in a son's duty, then in one house there will be loyalty and filial devotion both. What is there to regret?' Zunsheng held him the tighter, and Zhongkan waited for him on the road. Qisheng called out from far off, 'Today I would share life and death with you. I beg you to wait a little.' Zhongkan saw that he could not get free, whipped his horse and went. Soon Xuan arrived, and the gentlemen all went to him. Qisheng alone did not go, but looked after Zhongkan's household. Someone said to him, 'Xuan is suspicious and quick by nature, and he will not be able to take your sincerity and integrity for what they are. If you do not go to him after all, disaster will surely come.' Qisheng set his face and said, 'I was the Marquis Yin's officer, and he treated me as a knight of the realm. I could not join him in wiping out the vile rebel, and so brought him to this flight and ruin. With what face should I go to Huan and beg for my life?' When Xuan heard of it he was angry and had him seized. He said to him, 'We stood so to each other. Why do you turn against me?' Qisheng said, 'The blood is not yet dry on Your Lordship's lips, and you hatch this treacherous scheme. I grieve only that my strength was too small to cut down the vile rebel. I regret that my death comes late.' Xuan then beheaded him. He was thirty-seven at the time, and everyone mourned him."

王隱《晉書》曰：「紹字延祖，譙國銍人。父康有奇才雋辯。紹十歳而孤，事母孝謹，累遷散騎常侍。惠帝敗於蕩陰，百官左右皆奔散，唯紹儼然端冕，以身衞帝。兵交御輦，飛箭雨集，遂以見害也。」

Wang Yin's Jin shu says, "Shao's courtesy name was Yanzu; he was a man of Zhi in Qiao. His father Kang had rare talent and outstanding eloquence. Shao lost his father at ten, and served his mother with filial care. He rose through several posts to Cavalier Attendant-in-ordinary. When Emperor Hui was defeated at Dangyin, all the officers and attendants fled and scattered, and Shao alone stood upright with his cap straight and shielded the emperor with his own body. The fighting reached the imperial carriage, and the flying arrows gathered like rain, and so he was killed."

周祗《隆安記》曰：「恭字孝伯，太原晉陽人。祖父濛，司徒左長史，風流標望。父蘊，鎭軍將軍，亦得世譽。」《恭別傳》曰：「恭淸廉貴峻，志存格正。起家著作郎，歴丹陽尹、中書令。出爲五州都督、前將軍、靑兗二州刺史。」

Zhou Zhi's Long'an ji says, "Gong's courtesy name was Xiaobo; he was a man of Jinyang in Taiyuan. His grandfather Meng was Left Senior Administrator to the Minister over the Masses, and was distinguished in manner and in repute. His father Yun was General Who Guards the Army, and he too won the praise of the age." The Gong biezhuan says, "Gong was pure and honest, noble and stern, and his mind was set on setting things right. He began his career as Gentleman of the Bureau of Composition, and served as Governor of Danyang and Director of the Secretariat. He went out as commander of five provinces, General of the Van, and Inspector of the two provinces of Qingzhou and Yanzhou."

王忱，小字佛大。《晉安帝紀》曰：「忱字元達，平北將軍坦之第四子也。甚得名於當世，與族子恭少相善，齊聲見稱。仕至荊州刺史。」

This is Wang Chen, whose childhood name was Fuda. The Jin Andi ji says, "Chen's courtesy name was Yuanda; he was the fourth son of Wang Tanzhi, the General Who Pacifies the North. He won a great name in the world of his day, and from youth he was on good terms with his clan nephew Gong, and the two were praised together. He rose in office to Inspector of Jingzhou."

未詳

Not known in detail.

《晉安帝紀》曰：「孫恩一名靈秀，琅邪人。叔父泰，事五斗米道，以謀反誅。恩逸逃於海上，聚衆十萬人，攻沒郡縣。後爲臨海太守辛昺斬首送之。」

The Jin Andi ji says, "Sun En was also called Lingxiu; he was a man of Langye. His uncle Tai served the Way of the Five Pecks of Rice and was put to death for plotting rebellion. En fled out to sea, gathered a hundred thousand men, and attacked and took commanderies and counties. In the end Xin Bing, the Governor of Linhai, beheaded him and sent the head in."

山松別見

Shansong appears elsewhere.

《續晉陽秋》曰：「孔安國字安國，會稽山陰人，車騎愉第六子也。少而孤貧，能善樹節，以儒素見稱。歴侍中、太常、尚書，遷左僕射、特進，卒。」

The Xu Jinyang qiu says, "Kong Anguo's courtesy name was Anguo; he was a man of Shanyin in Kuaiji, the sixth son of Kong Yu, the General of Chariots and Cavalry. He lost his father young and was poor, but he was good at holding to his principles, and was spoken of for his plain Confucian ways. He served as Palace Attendant, Chamberlain for Ceremonials, and Master of Writing, then moved to Left Vice Director and Specially Advanced, and died."

道助，坦之小字。附子，隱之小字也。《呉氏譜》曰：「坦之字處靖，濮陽人。仕至西中郎將功曹。父堅，取東苑童儈女，名秦姬。」

Daozhu was Tanzhi's childhood name; Fuzi was Yinzhi's childhood name. The Wu shi pu says, "Tanzhi's courtesy name was Chujing; he was a man of Puyang. He rose in office to Officer of Merit to the General of the Household of the West. His father Jian took to wife the daughter of Tong Kuai of Dongyuan, whose name was Qinji."

鄭緝《孝子傳》曰：「隱之字處默，少有孝行，遭母喪，哀毀過禮。時與太常韓康伯鄰居，康伯母揚州刺史殷浩之妹，聰明婦人也。隱之毎哭，康伯母輒輟事流涕，悲不自勝，終其喪如此。謂康伯曰：『汝後若居銓衡，當用此輩人。』後康伯爲吏部尚書，乃進用之。」《晉安帝紀》曰：「隱之既有至性，加以廉潔，奉祿頒九族，冬月無被。桓玄欲革嶺南之弊，以爲廣州刺史。去州二十里有貪泉，世傳飲之者其心無厭。隱之乃至水上，酌而飲之，因賦詩曰：『石門有貪泉，一歃重千金。試使夷齊飲，終當不易心。』爲盧循所攻，還京師。歴尚書、領軍將軍。」《晉中興書》曰：「舊云：往廣州，飲貪泉，失廉潔之性。呉隱之爲刺史，自酌貪泉飲之，題石門爲詩云云。」

Zheng Ji's Xiaozi zhuan says, "Yinzhi's courtesy name was Chumo. From his youth he had filial conduct. When he lost his mother, grief wore him down beyond the rites. At that time he lived next door to Han Kangbo, the Chamberlain for Ceremonials, and Kangbo's mother was the younger sister of Yin Hao, the Inspector of Yangzhou, and a woman of understanding. Every time Yinzhi wept, Kangbo's mother would leave off what she was doing and shed tears, and could not master her own sorrow; and she was so until his mourning ended. She said to Kangbo, 'If you are ever in a place where men are weighed, you should employ men of this kind.' Later, when Kangbo was Master of Writing for the Ministry of Personnel, he brought him forward and gave him office." The Jin Andi ji says, "Yinzhi had the deepest nature, and was honest and clean besides. He shared out his salary among the nine degrees of kin, and had no quilt in the winter months. Huan Xuan, wishing to mend the ills of Lingnan, made him Inspector of Guangzhou. Twenty li from the provincial seat there was a Greedy Spring, and it was handed down in the world that whoever drank of it became insatiable at heart. Yinzhi went to the water, drew some, and drank it, and then made a poem, saying, 'At Shimen there is a Greedy Spring; one sip of it weighs a thousand in gold. Let Bo Yi and Shu Qi drink of it, and to the end they would not change their hearts.' He was attacked by Lu Xun and returned to the capital. He served as Master of Writing and as General of the Army." The Jin zhongxing shu says, "It was said of old that if one went to Guangzhou and drank of the Greedy Spring, one lost an honest nature. When Wu Yinzhi was Inspector he drew from the Greedy Spring himself and drank of it, and inscribed a poem at Shimen, and so on."