The Man of Jingzhou and Yongzhou荊、雍州蠻

They are the descendants of Panhu (盤瓠). They divided and set up their clans and settlements, and they are spread through the commanderies and counties. Jingzhou had a commandant over the Southern Man, and Yongzhou a commandant for the pacifying of the Man, to take charge of them. At the beginning of Shizu's reign the office of the Southern Man was abolished and merged into the Great Office (大府), but the office for the pacifying of the Man stayed as before. The Man people who submitted and attached themselves sent in a few hu of grain for each household, and there were no other levies (雜調). But among the people of Song the taxes and the labor service were harsh and bitter, and the poor could bear it no longer, so many fled and went in among the Man. The Man had no labor service, and the strong among them did not even pay the government tax. They bound themselves into parties and joined into crowds, and at any moment there were hundreds or thousands of them. Where the province and the commandery were weak, they rose up and became bandits. Their branches grew more and more, and their households could not be counted. The places where they live are mostly deep and rugged. Among those who live in Wuling there are the Xiong stream, the Man stream — a different Man from that of the Man people (樠谿) — the Chen stream, the You stream and the Wu stream, and they are called the Man of the Five Streams (五谿蠻). The Man of Yidu, Tianmen, Badong, Jianping and the commanderies north of the Jiang all live in deep mountains walled about, where the tracks of people rarely reach. From earlier ages on they have again and again been a trouble to the people.

In the second year of Jingping under the Young Emperor, Shi Ning, the chief of the Man of Yidu, and his party, a hundred and twenty-three men, came to the palace gate and presented tribute. In the sixth year of Yuanjia under Taizu, Zhang Yongzhi of the Man of Jianping and his party of fifty men, and in the seventh year Tian Sheng of the Man of Yidu and his party of a hundred and thirteen men, all came to the palace gate to present tribute and to be received. After this the Man of the Mian country stirred greatly, and travel on the roads all but ceased. Zong Jiaozhi, the magistrate of Louzhong in Tianmen, laid labor service and taxes on them too heavily, and the Man could not bear it. In the eighteenth year Tian Xiangqiu and other Man became raiders. They broke Louzhong and plundered the people. Yiji, the prince of Hengyang and inspector of Jingzhou, sent the acting adjutant Cao Sunnian to strike them, and he broke them and took more than five hundred captives, and Jiaozhi was stripped of his office. In the twenty-fourth year the Man of Linju and Dangyang in Nan commandery rebelled and bound Fu Sengji, the magistrate of Linju. Yixuan, the prince of Nanqiao and inspector of Jingzhou, sent Wang Chen, adjutant of the central troops, to strike them, and he broke them.

Before this, Liu Daochan, the inspector of Yongzhou, was good at soothing the Man. Those who had not attached themselves to the government, earlier or later, all submitted. They were all led out onto the level land, and many made their homes along the Mian. When Daochan died, the Man rebelled again. When Shizu went out to Yongzhou, the whole body of the Man cut the road, and he struck them and broke them badly. The court sent the army commander Shen Qingzhi to attack the Man year after year, and wherever he went he put them down. The matter is in the life of Qingzhi. In the first month of the twenty-eighth year the Man of Longshan and the Zhi river raided Nieyang county. Zhu Tanshao, the grand administrator of Nanyang, sent troops to strike them and lost the advantage, and more than three hundred men were killed or wounded. Tanshao then sent two thousand men after them, and the Man scattered and fled. That year the Man of the Zhi river trusted to their rugged country and turned raiders, and Dan, the prince of Sui and inspector of Yongzhou, sent a messenger to speak to them: "Of late what awe and kindness have reached has spread even to far places. Those who follow the transforming rule receive favor and salary, and those who go against the command are left with nothing. This too you know. The sage court now grants pardon over all under heaven and allows men to make themselves new. Each of you should go back to your old dwellings, settle in peace and take up your work again. The mending of faults and the changing of hearts begins here." Before this, the Man chief Lu Nuzi had held Longshan and had again and again been a trouble on the border. When Lu Gui was at Changshe, Nuzi went over to him, and Gui spoke to the ruler of the Lu, the Northern Wei, and had him made king of the Four Mountains. When Shuang, the son of Gui, came back to this country, Nuzi too asked to come in and attach himself (內附). Dan, the prince of Sui, again sent troops to strike the Man north of the Mian. They fell upon the three stockades of Zhuoshan, Rukou and Shusong and took them, and they surrounded the stockades of Shengqian and Boyi, and the Man resisted with all their strength. The troops closed on them from both sides with armored horses and shot them down, and broke them badly. They cut off two hundred heads and took a thousand Man alive, and eighty head of oxen and horses.

In the Daming years under Shizu, Xiang Guanghou of the Man of Jianping raided and harried the river of the gorges. Wang Ji, the grand administrator of Badong, and Zhu Xiuzhi, the inspector of Jingzhou, sent troops to strike him, and Guanghou fled to Qingjiang. Qingjiang is more than a thousand li from Badong. At that time the Man of the four commanderies of Badong, Jianping, Yidu and Tianmen were raiding, and the households of those commanderies drifted apart until not one in a hundred was left. In the times of Taizong and Emperor Shun it was worse still. Troops were sent to strike them, but in the end they could not be stopped, and Jingzhou was emptied and worn out by it.

In the Daming years the Man of Guiyang rebelled and killed Yan Zhenzhi, the magistrate of Li. The Man of Linhe rebelled and killed Xing Bo'er, the magistrate of Kaijian. Xiao Chongzhi, general of Rousing Valor, struck them. He gained little and spent much, and he was called to answer for it.