Mahan馬韓
1Is Mahan Goguryeo or Baekje?
馬韓魏志云,“魏滿擊朝鮮,朝鮮王凖率宫人左右越海而南至韓地開國號馬韓.”甄萱上太祖書云,“昔馬韓先起赫世勃興,於是百濟開國於金馬山.”崔致逺云,“馬韓麗也辰韓羅也〔㨿本紀,則‘羅先起甲子麗後起甲申,而此云者以王凖言之耳.以此知東明之起已并馬韓而因之矣.故稱麗爲馬韓.’今人或認金馬山以馬韓爲百濟者盖誤濫也.麗地自有邑山故名馬韓也.〕.”
Mahan.
The Wei zhi says: "Wiman attacked Joseon. Jun (準), the King of Joseon, led his palace people and attendants across the sea to the south, reached the land of Han (韓), opened a state, and called it Mahan."
The letter that Gyeon Hwon sent up to Taejo says: "Long ago Mahan rose first, and Hyeokgeose rose after it in turn. Then Baekje opened its state at Mount Geumma."
Choe Chiwon says: "Mahan is Goguryeo and Jinhan is Silla."
〔According to the Basic Annals, Silla rose first in a gapja year and Goguryeo rose later in a gapsin year. What is said here refers only to King Jun.
From this it is clear that when Dongmyeong rose he had already absorbed Mahan and taken it over. That is why Goguryeo is called Mahan.
People today who point to Mount Geumma and take Mahan to be Baekje are generally mistaken. The land of Goguryeo has its own Mount Eup, and that is why it was named Mahan.〕
Interlinear notes 1
㨿本紀, 則 ‘羅先起甲子麗後起甲申, 而此云者以王凖言之耳. 以此知東明之起已并馬韓而因之矣. 故稱麗爲馬韓.’ 今人或認金馬山以馬韓爲百濟者盖誤濫也. 麗地自有邑山故名馬韓也.
According to the Basic Annals, Silla rose first in a gapja year and Goguryeo rose later in a gapsin year. What is said here refers only to King Jun. From this it is clear that when Dongmyeong rose he had already absorbed Mahan and taken it over. That is why Goguryeo is called Mahan. People today who point to Mount Geumma and take Mahan to be Baekje are generally mistaken. The land of Goguryeo has its own Mount Eup, and that is why it was named Mahan.
2The Nine Yi and the Nine Han
四夷九夷·九韓·穢·貊.周禮‘職方氏掌四夷九貊’者,東夷之種即九夷也.三國史云“溟州古穢國.野人耕田得穢王印献之.”又“春州古牛首州古貊國.”又或云“今朔州是貊國,或平壌城爲貊國.”淮南子注云“東方之夷九種.”論語正義云“九夷者一玄菟·二樂浪·三高麗·四滿餙·五鳬臾·六素家·七東屠·八倭人·九天鄙.”海東安弘記云“九韓者一日夲·二中華·三吳越·四乇羅·五鷹逰·六靺鞨·七丹國·八女真·九穢貊.”
The Four Barbarians — the Nine Yi (九夷), the Nine Han (九韓), the Ye (穢), and the Maek (貊).
When the Rites of Zhou says 'the Zhifang officer takes charge of the Four Barbarians and the Nine Maek', it means that the branches of the Eastern Yi are the Nine Yi.
The Samguk sa says: "Myeongju is the old state of Ye. A man of the fields was plowing and found the seal of the King of Ye, and presented it."
It also says: "Chunju is old Usuju, the old state of Maek." Some also say: "The present Sakju is the state of Maek," and some say: "Pyongyang Fortress is the state of Maek."
A note to the Huainanzi says: "The barbarians of the east are of nine kinds."
The Lunyu zhengyi says: "The Nine Yi are, first, Xuantu; second, Lelang; third, Gaoli; fourth, Manshi; fifth, Fuyu; sixth, Sujia; seventh, Dongtu; eighth, the Wo people; ninth, Tianbi."
The record of An Hong of Haedong says: "The Nine Han are, first, Japan; second, Zhonghua; third, Wuyue; fourth, Tangna; fifth, Eungyu; sixth, Malgal; seventh, Danguk; eighth, Yeojin; ninth, Yemaek."