Malgal and Balhae靺鞨·渤海

Malgal〔Also called Mulgil.〕 and Balhae.

The Tongdian says this.

"Balhae was originally the Songmal Malgal. When it came to their chief Joyeong (祚榮), he founded a state and called it Jindan (震旦).

In the Xiantian era〔This was the time of Xuanzong as a prince.〕 it first dropped the name Malgal and called itself only Balhae.

In the seventh year of Kaiyuan〔This was a gimi year.〕 Joyeong died, and his posthumous title was King Go (高王).

The heir stood in his place, and Minghuang granted a patent of investiture so that he succeeded as king. He changed the era name on his own, and at last it became the Flourishing State of the Eastern Sea (海東盛國).

Its land had five capitals, fifteen prefectures, and sixty-two provinces.

At the start of the Tiancheng era of Later Tang, the Khitan attacked and broke it, and after that it was held down by the Khitan."

〔The Samguk sa says: "In the third year of Yifeng, a muin year under Gaozong, the remaining people of Goguryeo gathered in a band, took shelter to the north below Mount Taebaek, and named their state Balhae. Around the twentieth year of Kaiyuan, Minghuang sent a general to attack them.

Also, in the thirty-second year of King Seongdeok, a gapsul year under Xuanzong, Balhae and Malgal crossed the sea and raided Dengzhou of Tang, and Xuanzong attacked them."

Also, the Silla gogi says: "Joyeong, an old general of Goguryeo, whose surname was Dae (大氏), gathered the remaining soldiers, founded a state south of Mount Taebaek, and named it Balhae."

Looking at the passages above, Balhae is a different branch of the Malgal. Only the way they split and joined is not the same.

Looking at the Zhizhang tu, it says: "Balhae lies outside the northeast corner of the Long Wall."〕

Jia Dan's Junguo zhi says: "The four prefectures of the state of Balhae, Amnok, Namhae, Buyeo, and Chaekseong, are all old land of Goguryeo. From Cheonjeong Commandery of Silla〔In the Treatise on Geography, among the counties under Sakju there is Cheonjeong Commandery, the present Yongju.〕 to Chaekseong Prefecture there are thirty-nine post stations."

Also, the Samguk sa says: "In the last years of Baekje, Balhae, Malgal, and Silla divided the land of Baekje."〔By this, Malgal and Balhae would again be split into two states.〕

The people of Silla said: "To the north are the Malgal, to the south are the Wa people, and to the west is Baekje. These are the harm of the state."

It also says: "The land of the Malgal joins Aseulla Province."

Also, the Dongmyeong gi says: "The land of Jolbon Fortress joins the Malgal〔Some say it is the present Dongjin.〕."

In the fourteenth year of King Jima, the sixth king of Silla〔This was an eulchuk year.〕, a Malgal army came in force into the northern border, attacked the palisade at Daeryeong, and passed the Niha.

The Book of Later Wei writes Malgal as Mulgil. The Zhizhang tu says: "Eumnu and Mulgil are both Suksin."

Heuksu and Okjeo — Looking at Su Dongpo's Zhizhang tu, north of Jinhan there are the Southern and Northern Heuksu.

Ten years after Emperor Dongmyeong ascended the throne, he destroyed Northern Okjeo. In the forty-second year of King Onjo, more than twenty households of Southern Okjeo came to Silla and submitted.

Also, in the fifty-second year of Hyeokgeose, Eastern Okjeo came and presented fine horses. So there was also an Eastern Okjeo.

The Zhizhang tu says: "Heuksu lies north of the Long Wall, and Okjeo lies south of the Long Wall."