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Xunzi (The Book of Master Xun)荀子

Xun Kuang · 3rd century BC · China · 32 pieces · 79,962 Chinese characters

Where Mencius put the goodness of man's nature, Xunzi put its evil. Man's nature is born loving gain and full of envy and hate, and left as it is it falls to struggle and robbery and disorder — so only when teachers and law make him what he should be, and ritual and right lead him, is he governed. Goodness, he said, is not inborn but built up by effort. The first chapter, "An Exhortation to Learning," opens with "blue dye is taken from the indigo plant, yet it is bluer than indigo," and "A Discourse on Heaven" cuts Heaven loose from the affairs of men: "To make Heaven great and brood upon it, how does that compare with rearing it as a thing and cutting it to use?" "A Discourse on Ritual" traces where ritual came from to the contention of desire and goods, and "A Discourse on Music" strikes back at Mozi for condemning music. "The Rectification of Names" shows that names are not fixed by Heaven but agreed upon by men, and the one chapter "Working Songs" carries order and disorder on the tunes of laborers' songs. "The ruler is the boat, the common people are the water; the water bears the boat up, and the water overturns the boat" stands in "The Regulations of a King." Li Si and Han Fei both came out of his school.

Thirty-two chapters and 481 paragraphs fully translated. The graph counts were matched against the source text chapter by chapter, and all thirty-two chapters were confirmed to differ by not a single graph (79,962 graphs). ★Yang Liang's (楊倞) commentary was taken away and only the text translated. The commentary that comes with the source text runs to 40,175 graphs, more than half the text, but the Xunzi is writing that carries its own argument through to the end, and the sense stands without the commentary. This was judged otherwise than in the Art of War, where the commentaries of the eleven masters were kept as notes — in a work on warfare the commentary is the kernel itself, while here it is only a later man's exposition. The source text uses quotation marks differently from chapter to chapter (Western marks mixed with full-width ones), so they were settled on full-width forms all at once when the source text was made. The build and the matching read the same file, so the matching cannot be blinded. In one passage of 「Yibing」 the source text blots out four graphs as ××××, so they are left as □□□□. They are not counted in the graph total.

The Questions of Yao
Duke Ai
The Proper Model of Conduct
The Way of Sons
The Warning Vessel on the Right
The Great Compendium
Rhyme-Prose Poems
Working Songs
The Gentleman
Human Nature Is Bad
Rectifying Names
Undoing Blindness
Discourse on Music
Discourse on Ritual
Rectifying Theses
Discourse on Heaven
Strengthening the State
Debate on Military Affairs
On Attracting Officers
The Way of a Minister
The Way of a Lord
The True King and the Hegemon
Enriching the State
The Regulations of a King
The Achievements of the Ru
Zhongni
Against the Twelve Masters
Against Physiognomy
Honour and Disgrace
Nothing Improper
Cultivating Oneself
An Exhortation to Learning