Goguryeo高句麗
1Goguryeo — the five divisions and Chaekguru
高句麗在遼東之東千里，南與朝鮮、濊貊，東與沃沮，北與夫餘接。都於丸都之下，方可二千里，戶三萬。多大山深谷，無原澤。隨山谷以爲居，食澗水。無良田，雖力佃作，不足以實口腹。其俗節食，好治宮室，於所居之左右立大屋，祭鬼神，又祀靈星、社稷。其人性凶急，善寇鈔。其國有王，其官有相加、對盧、沛者、古雛加、主簿、優台丞、使者、皁衣先人，尊卑各有等級。東夷舊語以爲夫餘別種，言語諸事，多與夫餘同，其性氣衣服有異。本有五族，有涓奴部、絕奴部、順奴部、灌奴部、桂婁部。本涓奴部爲王，稍微弱，今桂婁部代之。漢時賜鼓吹技人，常從玄菟郡受朝服衣幘，高句麗令主其名籍。後稍驕恣，不復詣郡，於東界築小城，置朝服衣幘其中，歲時來取之，今胡猶名此城爲幘溝漊。溝漊者，句麗名城也。其置官，有對盧則不置沛者，有沛者則不置對盧。王之宗族，其大加皆稱古雛加。涓奴部本國主，今雖不爲王，適統大人，得稱古雛加，亦得立宗廟，祠靈星、社稷。
Goguryeo lies a thousand li east of Liaodong. It borders Joseon and Yemaek on the south, Okjeo on the east and Buyeo on the north. Its capital is below Hwando (丸都). It is about two thousand li square, and its households are thirty thousand.
There are many great mountains and deep valleys, and no plains or marshes. They live along the mountain valleys and drink the water of the mountain streams. There is no good field land, and though they plow with all their strength it is not enough to fill mouth and belly. By their custom they are sparing in food and fond of building halls. To the left and right of where they live they raise great houses and sacrifice to the spirits, and they also sacrifice to the Spirit Star (靈星) and to the gods of the soil and the grain (社稷). The people are fierce and quick in nature, and they are good at robbing and plundering.
The country has a king. Its offices are sangga (相加), daero (對盧), paeja (沛者), gochuga (古雛加), jubu (主簿), utae (優台), seung (丞), saja (使者), joui (皁衣) and seonin (先人), and high and low have each their grade.
In the old speech of the Eastern Yi they are called a separate stock of Buyeo. Much of their language and of their affairs is the same as in Buyeo, but in nature and temper and clothing there are differences.
From the first there were five clans: the Yeonno division (涓奴部), the Jeolno division (絕奴部), the Sunno division (順奴部), the Gwanno division (灌奴部) and the Gyeru division (桂婁部). At first the Yeonno division held the kingship, but it grew weak little by little, and now the Gyeru division has taken its place.
In the time of Han they were given drums and pipes (鼓吹) and entertainers (技人), and they always received court robes (朝服) and clothing and headcloths from the commandery of Hyeondo, and the Prefect (令) of Goguryeo kept the register of their names (名籍). Later they grew proud and willful little by little and no longer went to the commandery. They built a small fortress on their eastern border and kept the court robes and the clothing and the headcloths inside it, and came each year to take them. Even now the Hu (胡) still call this fortress Chaekguru (幘溝漊), and guru (溝漊) is the Goguryeo word for a fortress.
In setting their offices, if there is a daero they do not set a paeja, and if there is a paeja they do not set a daero. Those of the king's kindred who are daega (大加) are all called gochuga. The Yeonno division was the master of the country from the first, so although it no longer holds the kingship, the great man who carries its true line may still be called gochuga, and he may also raise an ancestral shrine and sacrifice to the Spirit Star and to the gods of the soil and the grain.
2In the tenth month they hold Dongmaeng, and the son-in-law sleeps in the seook
絕奴部世與王婚，加古雛之號。諸大加亦自置使者、皁衣先人，名皆達於王，如卿大夫之家臣，會同坐起，不得與王家使者、皁衣先人同列。其國中大家不佃作，坐食者萬餘口，下戶遠擔米糧魚鹽供給之。其民喜歌舞，國中邑落，暮夜男女群聚，相就歌戲。無大倉庫，家家自有小倉，名之爲桴京。其人絜清自喜，喜藏釀。跪拜申一腳，與夫餘異，行步皆走。以十月祭天，國中大會，名曰東盟。其公會，衣服皆錦繡金銀以自飾。大加主簿頭著幘，如幘而無餘，其小加著折風，形如弁。其國東有大穴，名隧穴，十月國中大會，迎隧神還于國東上祭之，置木隧於神坐。無牢獄，有罪諸加評議，便殺之，沒入妻子爲奴婢。其俗作婚姻，言語已定，女家作小屋於大屋後，名婿屋，婿暮至女家戶外，自名跪拜，乞得就女宿，如是者再三，女父母乃聽使就小屋中宿，傍頓錢帛，至生子已長大，乃將婦歸家。其俗淫。
The Jeolno division has married with the kings for generations, and so the name of gochu is added to it. The several daega also set up saja and joui and seonin of their own, and they report all their names to the king. They are like the house servants of a minister or a great officer, and when the company sits down and rises they may not stand in the same rank as the saja and joui and seonin of the king's house.
The great houses of the country do not plow, and those who sit and eat are more than ten thousand, and the haho carry rice and grain and fish and salt from far off to supply them.
The people love to sing and dance. In the settlements of the country, at dusk and at night, men and women gather in crowds and go to one another and sing and play. There are no great storehouses, but each house has a small storehouse of its own, and it is called a bugyeong (桴京). The people are fond of being clean, and they like to brew wine and lay it by. When they kneel and bow they stretch out one leg, which is not as in Buyeo, and in walking they all go as though they were running.
In the tenth month they sacrifice to Heaven, and the whole country gathers in a great assembly, and it is called Dongmaeng (東盟). At their public assemblies they dress their clothing all in silk and embroidery and gold and silver. The daega and the jubu wear a headcloth on the head, like the headcloth of China but with nothing behind, and the soga (小加) wear a jeolpung (折風), which is shaped like a byeon cap (弁).
East of the country there is a great cave, and it is called Suhyeol (隧穴). In the tenth month the whole country gathers in a great assembly and welcomes the god Susin (隧神), and they come back to the east of the country, up above, and sacrifice there, and they set a Susin made of wood upon the seat of the god.
There are no prisons. When there is a crime the several ga take counsel and put the man to death at once, and his wife and children are seized and made slaves.
By their custom, when a marriage is agreed and the words are settled, the woman's house builds a small house behind the great house, and it is called the seook (婿屋). At dusk the son-in-law comes outside the gate of the woman's house, gives his own name, kneels and bows, and begs to sleep with the woman. When he has done this two or three times the woman's parents then allow him to sleep in the small house, and beside it money and silk are piled up. Only after a son has been born and grown does he take his wife and go back to his own house. Their custom is lewd.
3Sosumaek, where the Maek bow comes from
男女已嫁娶，便稍作送終之衣。厚葬，金銀財幣，盡於送死，積石爲封，列種松柏。其馬皆小，便登山。國人有氣力，習戰鬥，沃沮、東濊皆屬焉。又有小水貊。句麗作國，依大水而居，西安平縣北有小水，南流入海，句麗別種依小水作國，因名之爲小水貊，出好弓，所謂貊弓是也。
As soon as a man and a woman are married they begin, little by little, to make the clothing in which they will be sent away at death. They bury richly, and gold and silver and goods are all spent in sending off the dead. They pile up stones to make the mound, and they plant pines and nut pines in rows.
Their horses are all small, and handy for climbing mountains. The people of the country have spirit and strength and are practiced in fighting, and Okjeo and Eastern Ye both belonged to them.
There is also Sosumaek (小水貊). When Goguryeo set up its country it lived beside a great water. North of the county of Xi'anping there is a small water that flows south into the sea. A separate stock of Goguryeo set up a country beside this small water, and so they were named Sosumaek, the Maek of the small water. Good bows come from there, and this is what is called the Maek bow (貊弓).
4Wang Mang changes the name to "Haguryeo"
王莽初發高句麗兵以伐胡，不欲行，強迫遣之，皆亡出塞爲寇盜。遼西大尹田譚追擊之，爲所殺。州郡縣歸咎于句麗侯騊，嚴尤奏言：「貊人犯法，罪不起於騊，且宜安慰。今猥被之大罪，恐其遂反。」莽不聽，詔尤擊之。尤誘期句麗侯騊至而斬之，傳送其首詣長安。莽大悅，佈告天下，更名高句麗爲下句麗。當此時爲侯國，漢光武帝八年，高句麗王遣使朝貢，始見稱王。
At the beginning Wang Mang called up troops of Goguryeo to strike the Hu (胡). They did not wish to go, and he pressed them and sent them by force, and they all ran away, went out beyond the border passes, and became robbers. Tian Tan, Grand Governor of Liaoxi, pursued and struck at them, and was himself killed.
The province and the commanderies and the counties laid the blame on Chu (騊), Marquis of Goguryeo. Yan You sent up a memorial and said, "It is the Maek people (貊人) who have broken the law, and the guilt does not rise from Chu. For now it is right to quiet them and comfort them. If a great crime is laid on him rashly, I fear that in the end they will rebel."
Wang Mang did not listen, and sent down an edict ordering Yan You to strike them. Yan You lured Chu, Marquis of Goguryeo, with the promise of a meeting, and when he came he cut him down and sent his head to Chang'an. Wang Mang was greatly pleased, proclaimed it through the empire, and changed the name of Goguryeo to Haguryeo (下句麗).
At that time it was a marquisate (侯國). In the eighth year of Emperor Guangwu of Han the king of Goguryeo sent envoys to bring tribute, and only then was he called king.
5King Gung surrenders falsely
至殤、安之間，句麗王宮數寇遼東，更屬玄菟。遼東太守蔡風、玄菟太守姚光以宮爲二郡害，興師伐之。宮詐降請和，二郡不進。宮密遣軍攻玄菟，焚燒候城，入遼隧，殺吏民。後宮復犯遼東，蔡風輕將吏士追討之，軍敗沒。
Down to the years between Emperor Shang and Emperor An, Gung (宮), king of Goguryeo, robbed Liaodong again and again, and so they were made to belong to Hyeondo once more. Cai Feng, Grand Administrator of Liaodong, and Yao Guang, Grand Administrator of Hyeondo, said that Gung was a harm to both commanderies, and they raised troops and struck him.
Gung surrendered falsely and asked for peace, and the two commanderies did not advance. Then Gung sent troops in secret and struck Hyeondo, burned Houcheng (候城), entered Liaosui (遼隧) and killed the officers and the people. Afterward Gung broke into Liaodong again, and Cai Feng went lightly with his officers and soldiers to pursue and strike him, and his army was beaten and he died.
6Baekgo
宮死，子伯固立。順、桓之間，復犯遼東，寇新安、居鄉，又攻西安平，於道上殺帶方令，略得樂浪太守妻子。靈帝建寧二年，玄菟太守耿臨討之，斬首虜數百級，伯固降，屬遼東。〔熹〕平中，伯固乞屬玄菟。公孫度之雄海東也，伯固遣大加優居、主簿然人等助度擊富山賊，破之。
Gung died and his son Baekgo ascended the throne. In the years between Emperor Shun and Emperor Huan he broke into Liaodong again and robbed Xin'an and Juxiang, and he also struck Xi'anping, killed the Prefect of Daebang (帶方令) on the road, and took captive the wife and children of the Grand Administrator of Nangnang.
In the second year of Jianning under Emperor Ling, Geng Lin, Grand Administrator of Hyeondo, struck him, and the heads taken and the captives were several hundred. Baekgo surrendered and belonged to Liaodong. In the Xiping years Baekgo begged to belong to Hyeondo.
When Gongsun Du was strong in the lands east of the sea, Baekgo sent Ugeo the daega and Yeonin the jubu and others to help Gongsun Du, and they struck the robbers of Fushan (富山) and broke them.
7Balgi and Iimo
伯固死，有二子，長子拔奇，小子伊夷模。拔奇不肖，國人便共立伊夷模爲王。自伯固時，數寇遼東，又受亡胡五百餘家。建安中，公孫康出軍擊之，破其國，焚燒邑落。拔奇怨爲兄而不得立，與涓奴加各將下戶三萬餘口詣康降，還住沸流水。降胡亦叛伊夷模，伊夷模更作新國，今日所在是也。拔奇遂往遼東，有子留句麗國，今古雛加駮位居是也。其後復擊玄菟，玄菟與遼東合擊，大破之。
Baekgo died, and he had two sons. The elder was Balgi and the younger was Iimo. Balgi was not worthy, and the people of the country at once joined together and set up Iimo as king.
From the time of Baekgo they had robbed Liaodong again and again, and they had also taken in more than five hundred households of Hu (胡) who had fled to them. In the Jian'an years Gongsun Kang sent out an army and struck them, broke their country and burned their settlements.
Balgi bore a grudge that he was the elder and yet had not been set up. Balgi and the Yeonno ga (涓奴加) each led more than thirty thousand haho of their own, and went over to Gongsun Kang and surrendered, and then came back and settled on the Biryusu (沸流水). The Hu who had surrendered also turned against Iimo, and Iimo set up a new country again, and this is the place where they are today.
Balgi went at last to Liaodong, and one son stayed behind in Goguryeo, and this is Bakwigeo, the gochuga of today. Afterward they struck Hyeondo again, and Hyeondo joined with Liaodong and struck them and broke them greatly.
8Wigung, who opened his eyes at birth
伊夷模無子，淫灌奴部，生子名位宮。伊夷模死，立以爲王，今句麗王宮是也。其曾祖名宮，生能開目視，其國人惡之，及長大，果凶虐，數寇鈔，國見殘破。今王生墮地，亦能開目視人。句麗呼相似爲位，似其祖，故名之爲位宮。位宮有力勇，便鞍馬，善獵射。景初二年，太尉司馬宣王率衆討公孫淵，宮遣主簿大加將數千人助軍。正始三年，宮寇西安平，其五年，爲幽州刺吏毌丘儉所破。語在〈儉傳〉。
Iimo had no son, and he lay with a woman of the Gwanno division and a son was born, named Wigung (位宮). When Iimo died they set him up as king, and this is Gung, king of Goguryeo today.
His great-grandfather was named Gung, and at birth he could open his eyes and see, and the people of that country hated him. When he grew up he was indeed fierce and cruel, and he robbed and plundered again and again, and the country was broken and ruined. The present king too, when he was born and fell to the ground, could open his eyes and look at people. In Goguryeo they call a likeness "wi" (位), and because he was like his great-grandfather they named him Wigung.
Wigung had strength and courage. He was at home in the saddle and was good at hunting and shooting. In the second year of Jingchu, when Sima Xuanwang the Grand Commandant led the host to strike Gongsun Yuan, Gung sent a jubu and a daega with several thousand men to help the army. In the third year of Zhengshi Gung robbed Xi'anping, and in the fifth year he was broken by Guanqiu Jian, Inspector of You province. The story is in the Account of Guanqiu Jian.